Immune Response

Also called

immunity · innate immunity · acquired immunity · antibodies · B cells · T cells · helper T cell · cytotoxic T cell · macrophage · phagocytosis · antigen · memory cells · vaccination · humoral immunity · cell-mediated immunity · lymphocytes · प्रतिरक्षा · एंटीबॉडी · टीकाकरण

Topics

• Innate immunity is non-specific and present from birth: skin, mucus, acid, phagocytic cells and fever.
• Skin is a physical barrier; when it is breached, a pathogen can enter the tissue beneath.
• Macrophages and neutrophils engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) and display pieces of them as antigens.
• Helper T cells recognise the presented antigen and release cytokines that activate B cells and killer T cells.
• B cells multiply into plasma cells that secrete antibodies: Y-shaped proteins of two heavy and two light chains.
• Antibodies bind antigens and coat pathogens so they are neutralised and eaten: humoral immunity.
• Cytotoxic (killer) T cells destroy body cells that are infected by viruses: cell-mediated immunity.
• Memory B and T cells remain for years and mount a faster, stronger response on the next exposure.
• A vaccine contains weakened or inactivated antigens, so memory cells form without the disease.

About this model

A GLB file of about 392 KB, shown in Lably's 3D viewer and, on a phone, placed in your room with AR. Credit: Model, science and animation: Lably (built procedurally with three.js; no downloaded meshes). | CC BY 4.0. Original geometry and animation made for Lably.

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