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1460s

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Through Cannon and Deccan Plateau

Lab · Class 6–11Orbits & Gravitation

Events

1460

January–December

  • January 15 – Battle of Sandwich: Yorkists raid Sandwich, Kent, England, and capture the royal fleet.
  • March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark issues the Treaty of Ribe, enabling himself to become Count of Holstein, and regain control of Denmark's lost Duchy of Schleswig.
  • April 4 – The University of Basel is founded in Switzerland.
  • June 26 – Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England with an army, and march on London.
  • July 4 – The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist hands. The Tower is surrendered on July 19.
  • July 10 – Wars of the Roses – Battle of Northampton: Warwick and March defeat a Lancastrian army and seize King Henry VI of England. It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.
  • August 3 – While supervising a siege of English occupiers of Roxburgh Castle, King James II of Scotland is killed, when one of his own cannons explodes.
  • December 30 – Wars of the Roses – Battle of Wakefield: A Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland decisively defeats a Yorkist army under Richard of York and his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, who are both killed. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction.

Date unknown

  • Ali Bey Mihaloğlu captures Michael Szilágyi.
  • Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reaches the coast of modern-day Sierra Leone.
  • A famine breaks out in the Deccan Plateau of India.
  • A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia, with the Corpus Hermeticum.

1461

January–December

  • February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, in Wales.
  • February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control for her husband.
  • March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London, and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England.
  • March 5 – Wars of the Roses: Henry VI of England is deposed by Edward, Duke of York.
  • March 29 – Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret, to make good his claim to the English throne (thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England).
  • July 10 – Stephen Tomašević becomes the last King of Bosnia, on the death of his father Stephen Thomas; he is crowned on November 17, in Saint Mary's Church, Jajce.
  • June 28 – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483).
  • July – Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces of the Ottoman Empire, after a year-long siege.
  • July 22 – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483).
  • August 7 – The Ming Dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor; after setting fire to the eastern and western gates of the Imperial City, Beijing (which are doused by pouring rains during the day-long uprising), Cao Qin finds himself hemmed in on all sides by imperial forces, loses three of his own brothers in the fight, and instead of facing execution, he flees to his home in the city, and commits suicide by jumping down a well located within his walled compound.
  • August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, after a 21-day siege.
  • November 27 – 1461 L'Aquila earthquake. A severe earthquake occurs in L'Aquila.

Date unknown

1462

January–December

Date unknown

1463

January–December

  • January 5 – French poet François Villon receives a reprieve from death by hanging, and is banished from Paris (his further life is undocumented).
  • May – The Kingdom of Bosnia falls to the Ottoman Empire.
  • September 15 – Battle of Vistula Lagoon: The navy of the Prussian Confederation defeats that of the Teutonic Order.
  • October 8 – The Truce of Hesdin ends French support for the House of Lancaster in England.

Date unknown

1464

January–December

  • April 25 – Battle of Hedgeley Moor in England: Yorkist forces under John Neville defeat the Lancastrians under Sir Ralph Percy, who is killed.
  • May 1 – Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville, and keeps the marriage a secret for five months afterwards.
  • May 15 – Battle of Hexham: Neville defeats another Lancastrian army, this one led by King Henry and Queen Margaret themselves. This marks the end of organized Lancastrian resistance for several years.
  • June 11 – A 15-year-truce between the kingdoms of England and Scotland is signed.
  • June 18 – Pope Pius II himself shoulders the cross of the Crusades, and departs for Ancona to participate in person. He names Skanderbeg general captain of the Holy See, under the title Athleta Christi. This plan forces Skanderbeg to break his ten-year peace treaty with the Ottomans signed in 1463, by attacking their forces near Ohrid.
  • June 23 – Christian I of Denmark and Norway, who is also serving as King of Sweden, is declared deposed from the latter throne. His deposed predecessor Charles VIII of Sweden is re-elected to the throne on August 9.
  • August 21 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan abdicates, and is succeeded by his son, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.
  • August 30 – Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II, as the 211th pope.

Date unknown

  • In China, a small rebellion occurs in the interior province of Huguang, during the Ming Dynasty; a subsequent rebellion springs up in Guangxi, where a rebellion of the Miao people and Yao people forces the Ming throne to respond, by sending 30,000 troops (including 1,000 Mongol cavalry) to aid the 160,000 local troops stationed in the region, to crush the rebellion that will end in 1466.
  • Jehan Lagadeuc writes a Breton-French-Latin dictionary called the Catholicon. It is the first French dictionary as well as the first Breton dictionary of world history, and it will be published in 1499.
  • Tenguella, the founder of the Empire of Great Fulo, becomes chief of the Fula people.

1465

January–December

  • January 24 – Chilia is conquered by Stephen the Great of Moldavia, following a second siege.
  • January 29 – Amadeus IX becomes Duke of Savoy.
  • January 30 – Charles VIII of Sweden is deposed. Clergyman Kettil Karlsson Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden.
  • c. March – Queens' College, Cambridge, is refounded by Elizabeth Woodville.
  • May 14 – The Moroccan Revolt in Fez ousts the Maranid rulers, and leads to the killing of many Jews.
  • May 26 – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of Edward IV of England, is crowned in a lavish ceremony at Westminster Abbey.
  • July 16 – Battle of Montlhéry: Troops of King Louis XI of France fight inconclusively against an army of great nobles, organized as the League of the Public Weal.
  • July 18 – Former King Henry VI of England is captured by Yorkist forces. On July 24 he is imprisoned in the Tower of London. His queen consort Margaret of Anjou and Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, have fled to France.
  • August 11 – In Sweden, Regent Kettil Karlsson Vasa, Bishop of Linköping, is succeeded as Regent by Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna.

Date unknown

  • Massive flooding in central and southern China motivates the initial construction of hundreds of new bridges.
  • The main altar of St Martin's Church, Colmar is finished by painter Caspar Isenmann.

1466

1467

January–December

Date unknown

  • Third Siege of Krujë: A few months after the failure of the second siege, Mehmed II leads another unsuccessful Ottoman invasion of Albania.
  • The Ōnin War (1467–1477), which initiates the Sengoku period (1467–1615) in Japan, begins.
  • While Hassan III of the Maldives is on Hajj, Sayyidh Muhammad deposes his son, acting regent. On his return, Hassan regains the throne.
  • Some papal abbreviators are arrested and tortured on the orders of Pope Paul II, among them Filippo Buonaccorsi.
  • King Matthias Corvinus founds the first university in Slovakia, the Universitas Istropolitana in Bratislava.
  • The first European polyalphabetic cipher is invented by Leon Battista Alberti (approximate date).
  • Juan de Torquemada's book, Meditationes, seu Contemplationes devotissimae, is published.

1468

January–December

  • June 30 – Catherine Cornaro is married by proxy to James II of Cyprus, beginning the Venetian conquest of Cyprus.
  • August 26 – Baeda Maryam succeeds his father Zara Yaqob, as Emperor of Ethiopia.
  • October 14 – The Treaty of Péronne is signed by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis XI of France.
  • October 30 – Troops of Charles the Bold conduct the Sack of Liège.

Date unknown

  • The Lancastrians surrender Harlech Castle to King Edward IV of England after a seven-year siege.
  • The Great Council of the Republic of Venice attempts to curb the power of the Council of Ten through legislation restricting them to acting on emergency matters.
  • Orkney is pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland. As the money is never paid, the connection with the crown of Scotland becomes perpetual.
  • Fire breaks out at Metz Cathedral in France.
  • Sonni Ali, king of the Songhai Empire, takes power over Timbuktu.

1469

January–December

Date unknown

  • Sigismund of Austria sells Upper-Elsass (Alsace) to Charles the Bold, in exchange for aid in a war against the Swiss.
  • Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.
  • Anglo-Hanseatic War breaks out.
  • Marsilio Ficino completes his translation of the collected works of Plato, writes Commentary on Plato's Symposium on Love, and starts to work on Platonic Theology.

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