1939 in the Soviet Union

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Incumbents

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March 10–21 — 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
May 11 — September 16 – Battles of Khalkhin Gol
August 19 — German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)
August 23 — Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
September 17-October 6 — Soviet invasion of Poland
September 28 — Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty, also amendment to the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty
October 5 — Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
October 10 — Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
November 26 — Shelling of Mainila
November 30 — Winter War

January 4 — Igor Chislenko, Russian footballer (d. 1994)
January 6 — Valeriy Lobanovskyi, Soviet and Ukrainian football player and manager (d. 2002)
January 22 — Mikhail Moiseyev, military officer and politician (d. 2022)
January 28 — Viktor Shustikov, Russian footballer (d. 2025)
January 31 — Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov, Russian actor and film director (d. 2012)

May 2 — Leonid Kanevsky, actor
May 19 — Kateryna Boloshkevich, Ukrainian weaver and statesperson (d. 2018)
May 20 — Roman Kartsev, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 2018)
May 26
- Merab Kostava, Georgian dissident, musician and poet (d. 1989)
- Vitaly Galkov, sprint canoer (d. 1998)
May 30 — Mikhail Kolesnikov, 2nd Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces (d. 2007)

July 5 — Pavel Morozenko, theatre and film actor (d. 1991)
July 7
- Elena Obraztsova, Soviet and Russian opera singer (d. 2015)
- Vladilen Volkov, 2nd Head of the Altai Republic
July 16 — Konstantin Kobets, State Adviser for the RSFSR for Defence (d. 2012)

August 4 — Oleg Zaytsev, ice hockey defenceman (d. 1993)
August 5 — Jumber Patiashvili, 14th First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party
August 14 — Vladislav Tikhomirov, 2nd Governor of Ivanovo Oblast (d. 2017)
August 16 — Valery Ryumin, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2022)
August 17 — Valery Gavrilin, Soviet and Russian composer (d. 1999)
August 28 — Vladimir Ivashov, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 1995)

September 5 — Suren Arutyunyan, 14th First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia (d. 2019)
September 7 — Stanislav Petrov, Soviet Air Defence Forces official (d. 2017)
September 12 — Ion Ustian, 5th Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Moldavian SSR
September 13 — Guntis Ulmanis, 5th President of Latvia
September 17 — Vladimir Menshov, actor and film director (d. 2021)

December 6 — Abish Kekilbayev, 2nd State Counsellor of Kazakhstan (d. 2015)
December 22 — Valentin Afonin, Soviet and Russian footballer (d. 2021)
December 30 — Elena Tchaikovskaia, Russian figure skating coach and choreographer

January 15 — Kullervo Manner, politician (b. 1880)
February 2 — Vladimir Shukhov, engineer (b. 1853)
February 22 — Grigory Khakhanyan, corps commander (b. 1896)
February 23
- Pyotr Smirnov, naval officer and politician (b. 1897)
- Alexander Yegorov, army officer (b. 1883)
February 26
- Stanislav Kosior, politician (b. 1889)
- Vlas Chubar, politician (b. 1891)
- Pavel Postyshev, politician (b. 1887)
- Ivan Fedko, army officer (b. 1897)
- Levon Mirzoyan, politician (b. 1897)
February 27 — Nadezhda Krupskaya, revolutionary and wife of Vladimir Lenin (b. 1869)
March 3 — Georgy Bazilevich, corps commander (b. 1889)
March 7 — Matvei Berman, security officer (b. 1898)
March 10 — Georgy Bondar, corps commander (b. 1893)
April 1 — Anton Makarenko, educator and writer (b. 1888)
April 15 — Konstantin Petrovich Grigorovich, engineer and professor (b. 1886)
May 11
- Polina Osipenko, military pilot (b. 1907)
- Anatoly Serov, fighter pilot (b. 1910)
May 19 — Karl Radek, politician (b. 1885)
May 21 — Grigori Sokolnikov, economist and politician (b. 1888)
July 29 — Vilhelm Knorin, politician (b. 1890)
September 11 — Konstantin Korovin, painter (b. 1861)
October 7 — Boris Shchukin, actor (b. 1894)
December 25 — Ivan Dmitriyevich Borisov, military pilot (b. 1913)