Accumulatio
Figure of speech
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Accumulatio in Latin, is a noun that directly translate to "accumulation, heaping, piling up;" the Latin noun derives from the verb accumulare ("to amass") from -ad, a prefix meaning "to," and cumulare, meaning "to heap" (from cumulus, a heap). It is a doublet with the word "accumulation."
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Rhetorical use
Accumulatio is used to emphasize, summarize, or strengthen an argument's point; this may be used to overwhelm the reader with evidence towards a centralized point, to showcase the multifacetedness of an issue, or to clarify a point. Accumulatio often helps build tension towards a climax or other moment. The joining of similar words in close proximity can be used to intensify a thought or feeling.
Accumulatio is a type of (or is synonymous with) congeries (from Latin "heap, pile") which involves the piling up of words and phrases which may or may not be synonymous. The term "congeries" does not necessarily have the connotation of accumulating previous arguments; for example, in The American Crisis, Thomas Paine refers to someone's character as being that of "a sottish, stupid, stubborn, worthless, brutish man;" an example of a congeries.
Accumulatio is often combined with anaphora to preface each element in the accumulated list.
This stylistic device is frequently used among stream-of-consciousness writers, such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.
Examples
- In a speech by Winston Churchill on July 14, 1941, he says, "Your organization, your vigilance, your devotion to duty, your zeal for the cause must be raised to the highest intensity." Note the use of anaphora with the use of "your."
- As an example of accumulatio in Book 4 of Rhetorica ad Herennium: "From what vice, I ask, is this defendant free? What ground have you for wishing to acquit him of the suit? He is the betrayer of his own self respect, and the waylayer of the self-respect of others; covetous, intemperate, irascible, arrogant; disloyal to his parents, ungrateful to his friends, troublesome to his kin; insulting to his betters, disdainful of his equals and mates, cruel to his inferiors; in short he is intolerable to every one."
- The slogan for Canterbury Church is an example of accumulatio: "St. Augustine founded it. Becket died for it. Chaucer wrote about it. Cromwell shot at it. Hitler bombed it. Time is destroying it. Will you save it?"
- In All's Well that Ends Well, a Lord accumulates vices towards another character: "he's a most notable coward, an infinite and endless liar, an hourly promise breaker, the owner of no one good quality."