Adeleorina

Life cycle

All species in this suborder use the syzygy method of gamete formation. This involves the association of often motile gamonts prior to the formation of functional gametes and fertilization.

Their life cycles tend to be complex, involving at least one (and often several) asexual cycles of merogony followed by gametogony, syngamy and sporogony. In many species of the group, the meronts and merozoites have morphologically distinct types: one type of meront produces large merozoites which initiate a further round of merogonic replication; a second produces smaller merozoites which are the progenitors of the gamonts. Microgamonts produce usually only one to four microgametes. Other characteristic features include the absence of endodyogeny and the enclosure of sporozoites in a sporocyst.

In haemogregarines with heteroxenous species, conjugation of gamonts and subsequent sporogony usually occurs within an invertebrate (definitive host), which also serves as the vector. Merogonial division usually takes place in the parenchymatous organs of the vertebrate host. This is followed by the formation of infective gametocytes in the erythrocytes. In the genus Hepatozoon, gametocytes are also formed in the leukocytes.

The haemogregarines use two modes of transmission:

• Inoculation — the infectious sporozoites enter the vertebrate host during blood-feeding of the vector (Dactylosoma, Haemogregarina)
• Ingestion — the parasite is transmitted by the ingestion of the infected invertebrate host by the vertebrate host. The mode of transmission may even involve a paratenic host. The next definitive host in the life cycle is infected exclusively through blood feeding. Examples include the genera Karyolysus, Hemolivia and Hepatozoon.

Taxonomy

Adeleorina has about 500 species, which have been organised into seven families and 19 genera. The families have been divided into two groups:

• Adelines — monoxenous coccidians of invertebrates — Adeleidae and Legerellidae
• Haemogregarines — heteroxenous coccidians cycling between blood-sucking invertebrates (definitive hosts) and various vertebrates (intermediate hosts) — Dactylosomatidae, Haemogregarinidae, Hepatozoidae and Karyolysidae

One exception to this classification is known: Klossiella (family Klossiellidae) is a monoxenous coccidium of mammals and reptiles.

The taxonomy is this group may be incorrect as the Hepatozoidae appear to be paraphyletic. The genus Hemolivia appears to lie within the genus Hepatozoon. The genus Hepatozoon appears to have two subgenera with one in the carnivorous mammals and the other in lower vertebrates and rodents.

Families and genera

The families in this suborder are:

• Family Adeleidae Mesnil, 1903
  • Genera:
    • Chagasella Machado in 1911
    • Ganapatiella Kalavati, 1977
    • Gibbsia Levine, 1986
    • Klossia Schneiderin, 1875
    • Orcheobius Schuberg & Kunze, 1906
    • Rasajeyna Beesley, 1977
  • Subfamily Ithaniinae
    • Genera
      • Adelea Schneider, 1875
      • Adelina Hesse, 1911
      • Ithania Ludwigin, 1947
• Family Dactylosomatidae Jakowska & Nigrelli, 1955
  • Genera:
    • Babesiosoma Jakowska & Nigrelli, 1956
    • Dactylosoma Labbé, 1894
• Family Haemogregarinidae Neveu-Lemaire, 1901
  • Genera:
    • Cyrilia Lainson, 1981
    • Desseria Siddall, 1995
    • Haemogregarina Danilewsky, 1885
• Family Hepatozoidae Wenyon, 1926
  • Genera:
    • Hepatozoon Miller, 1908
• Family Karyolysidae Wenyon, 1926
  • Genera:
    • Karyolysus Labbé, 1894
    • Hemolivia Petit et al, 1990
• Family Klossiellidae Smith & Johnson, 1902
  • Genera:
    • Klossiella
• Family Legerellidae Minchin, 1903
  • Genera:
    • Legerella Mesnil, 1900