Agitation (medical)
Medical condition
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The etiology of agitation is multifactorial, encompassing acute medical illnesses (such as infections, metabolic disturbances, or pain), substance intoxication or withdrawal, delirium, and a spectrum of psychiatric disorders including mood, psychotic, and personality disorders.
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Diagnosis
Early identification and a systematic evaluation to determine underlying causes are critical, as agitation of unknown origin should be presumed to have a medical cause until proven otherwise, particularly in populations such as the elderly or those without a prior psychiatric history.
Management
Effective management relies on a combination of non-pharmacological de-escalation strategies and, when necessary, targeted pharmacological interventions, always prioritizing the safety of all involved.