Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
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Through Soviet Union and China
In so doing, ACDA ensured that arms control was fully integrated into the development and conduct of United States national security policy. ACDA also conducted, supported, and coordinated research for arms control and disarmament policy formulation, prepared for and managed U.S. participation in international arms control and disarmament negotiations, and prepared, operated, and directed U.S. participation in international arms control and disarmament systems.
1961 creation
The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency was established by the Arms Control and Disarmament Act, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 87–297, 75 Stat. 631, enacted September 26, 1961. The H.R. 9118 bill was drafted by presidential adviser John J. McCloy. Its predecessor was the U.S. Disarmament Administration, part of the U.S. Department of State (1960–61).
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Early mission
In the 1970s emphasis of the agency was placed upon gaining an understanding of the strategic weapons capabilities of the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China. The electronic reconnaissance capability of the United States was expanded through federal agency research and private contract research, utilizing radio frequency as well as optical technologies. The theory of this mission was that a clearer understanding of other nations' strategic capabilities was an important initial step in prevention of nuclear war.
1997 reorganization
In 1997, the Clinton administration announced the partial integration of ACDA with the State Department as part of the reinvention of the agencies which implement the nation’s foreign policy.
The ACDA Director served as both the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs and a Senior Adviser to the President and the Secretary of State for Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament. He communicated with the President through the Secretary of State. In his capacity as senior advisor to the president, the Under Secretary attended and participated, at the direction of the president, in National Security Council (NSC) and subordinate meetings pertaining to arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament and had the right to communicate, through the Secretary of State, with the President and members of the NSC on arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament concerns.
1999 end
As of April 1, 1999, ACDA was abolished and its functions merged into the Department of State. This was done pursuant to Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 105–277 (text) (PDF), 112 Stat. 2681, enacted October 21, 1998. The functions of the ACDA Director were replaced by the office of the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs and by the office of the Senior Advisor to the President and the Secretary of State for Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament. ACDA's bureaus, along with the State Department's Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, were moved to the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security to form four bureaus: Political-Military Affairs, Bureau of Arms Control, Bureau of Nonproliferation, and the Bureau of Verification and Compliance. Additional reorganizations of the arms control function took place in subsequent years, and as of 2023, those functions are carried out by the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, the Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, and the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.
List of directors
The directors of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency were:
- William Chapman Foster (1961–68)
- Gerard C. Smith (1969–73)
- Fred Iklé (1973–77)
- Paul Warnke (1977–78)
- George M. Seignious (1978–80)
- Ralph Earle (1980–81)
- Eugene V. Rostow (1981–83)
- James L. George (acting) (1983-84)
- Kenneth Adelman (1984–87)
- William F. Burns (1988–89)
- Ronald F. Lehman (1989–93)
- John D. Holum (1993–99)