Battle of Alcântara (1580)
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Background
In Portugal, the death of King Sebastian of Portugal in 1578, with only an elderly childless great uncle to succeed him, plunged the country into a succession crisis. King Philip II of Spain was one of seven who laid claim to the Portuguese throne, and in June 1580 a Spanish army of about 40,000 men (about half of which were German and Italian mercenaries) invaded Portugal, under the command of Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba.
Two years earlier, the Portuguese army had a major defeat at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir (1578), causing the death and imprisonment of thousands of Portuguese soldiers with some nobles. Dom António also lacked support from what was left of the Portuguese nobility and high clergy, which chose to support Philip II instead. Dom António was therefore forced to recruit an irregular army composed mainly of local peasants and townspeople as well as 3,000 African slaves who fought for António in exchange for their freedom.
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Battle
The Duke of Alba met little resistance and in July landed his forces at Cascais, west of Lisbon. By mid-August, the Duke was only 10 kilometers from the city. West of the small brook Alcântara, the Spanish encountered a Portuguese force on the eastern side of it, commanded by António, Prior of Crato (a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal who had proclaimed himself King as António I) and his lieutenant Francisco de Portugal, 3rd Count of Vimioso.
The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Spanish army, both on land and sea. Two days later, the Duke of Alba captured Lisbon, and on March 25, 1581, Philip of Spain was crowned King of Portugal as Philip I.
Aftermath
The decimated Antonian army fled towards Porto with the intention of reassembling his troops, but was completely destroyed at Porto by the Spanish forces under the command of Don Sancho d'Avila. At the end of 1580, most of the Portuguese territory was in Spanish hands. Two more battles (1582 and 1583) over the succession were fought in the Azores.
Spain and Portugal would remain united in a personal union of the crowns (remaining formally independent and with autonomous administrations) for the next 60 years, until 1640. This period is called the Iberian Union.