Bipyramid

Related and other types of bipyramid

Concave bipyramids

A concave bipyramid has a concave polygon base, and one example is a concave tetragonal bipyramid or an irregular concave octahedron. A bipyramid with an arbitrary polygonal base could be considered a right bipyramid if the apices are on a line perpendicular to the base passing through the base's centroid.

Asymmetric bipyramids

An asymmetric bipyramid has apices which are not mirrored across the base plane; for a right bipyramid this only happens if each apex is a different distance from the base.

The dual of an asymmetric right n-gonal bipyramid is an n-gonal frustum.

A regular asymmetric right n-gonal bipyramid has symmetry group C_nv, of order 2n.

Scalene triangle bipyramids

An isotoxal right (symmetric) di-n-gonal bipyramid is a right (symmetric) 2n-gonal bipyramid with an isotoxal flat polygon base: its 2n basal vertices are coplanar, but alternate in two radii.

All its faces are congruent scalene triangles, and it is isohedral. It can be seen as another type of a right symmetric di-n-gonal scalenohedron, with an isotoxal flat polygon base.

An isotoxal right (symmetric) di-n-gonal bipyramid has n two-fold rotation axes through opposite basal vertices, n reflection planes through opposite apical edges, an n-fold rotation axis through apices, a reflection plane through base, and an n-fold rotation-reflection axis through apices, representing symmetry group D_nh, [n,2], (*22n), of order 4n. (The reflection about the base plane corresponds to the 0° rotation-reflection. If n is even, then there is an inversion symmetry about the center, corresponding to the 180° rotation-reflection.)

Example with 2n = 2×3:

An isotoxal right (symmetric) ditrigonal bipyramid has three similar vertical planes of symmetry, intersecting in a (vertical) 3-fold rotation axis; perpendicular to them is a fourth plane of symmetry (horizontal); at the intersection of the three vertical planes with the horizontal plane are three similar (horizontal) 2-fold rotation axes; there is no center of inversion symmetry, but there is a center of symmetry: the intersection point of the four axes.

Example with 2n = 2×4:

An isotoxal right (symmetric) ditetragonal bipyramid has four vertical planes of symmetry of two kinds, intersecting in a (vertical) 4-fold rotation axis; perpendicular to them is a fifth plane of symmetry (horizontal); at the intersection of the four vertical planes with the horizontal plane are four (horizontal) 2-fold rotation axes of two kinds, each perpendicular to a plane of symmetry; two vertical planes bisect the angles between two horizontal axes; and there is a centre of inversion symmetry.

Double example:

• The bipyramid with isotoxal 2×2-gon base vertices U, U', V, V' and right symmetric apices A, A'$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cccccc}U& =(1,0,0),& V& =(0,2,0),& A& =(0,0,1),\\ U^{\prime }& =(-1,0,0),& V^{\prime }& =(0,-2,0),& A^{\prime }& =(0,0,-1),\end{array}}$$ has its faces isosceles. Indeed:
  • Upper apical edge lengths:$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{AU}& =\overline{A{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{2},\\ \overline{AV}& =\overline{A{V}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{5};\end{array}}$$
  • Base edge lengths: $${\displaystyle \overline{UV}=\overline{V{U}^{\prime }}=\overline{U^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\overline{V^{\prime }U}=\sqrt{5};}$$
  • Lower apical edge lengths (equal to upper edge lengths):$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{A^{\prime }U}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{2},\\ \overline{A^{\prime }V}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{5}.\end{array}}$$

• The bipyramid with same base vertices, but with right symmetric apices $${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}A& =(0,0,2),\\ A^{\prime }& =(0,0,-2),\end{array}}$$ also has its faces isosceles. Indeed:
  • Upper apical edge lengths:$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{AU}& =\overline{A{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{5},\\ \overline{AV}& =\overline{A{V}^{\prime }}=2\sqrt{2};\end{array}}$$
  • Base edge length (equal to previous example): $${\displaystyle \overline{UV}=\overline{V{U}^{\prime }}=\overline{U^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\overline{V^{\prime }U}=\sqrt{5};}$$
  • Lower apical edge lengths (equal to upper edge lengths):$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{A^{\prime }U}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{5},\\ \overline{A^{\prime }V}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=2\sqrt{2}.\end{array}}$$

In crystallography, isotoxal right (symmetric) didigonal (8-faced), ditrigonal (12-faced), ditetragonal (16-faced), and dihexagonal (24-faced) bipyramids exist.

Scalenohedra

A scalenohedron is similar to a bipyramid; the difference is that the scalenohedra has a zig-zag pattern in the middle edges.

It has two apices and 2n basal vertices, 4n faces, and 6n edges; it is topologically identical to a 2n-gonal bipyramid, but its 2n basal vertices alternate in two rings above and below the center.

All its faces are congruent scalene triangles, and it is isohedral. It can be seen as another type of a right symmetric di-n-gonal bipyramid, with a regular zigzag skew polygon base.

A regular right symmetric di-n-gonal scalenohedron has n two-fold rotation axes through opposite basal mid-edges, n reflection planes through opposite apical edges, an n-fold rotation axis through apices, and a 2n-fold rotation-reflection axis through apices (about which 1n rotations-reflections globally preserve the solid), representing symmetry group D_nv = D_nd, [2⁺,2n], (2*n), of order 4n. (If n is odd, then there is an inversion symmetry about the center, corresponding to the 180° rotation-reflection.)

Example with 2n = 2×3:

A regular right symmetric ditrigonal scalenohedron has three similar vertical planes of symmetry inclined to one another at 60° and intersecting in a (vertical) 3-fold rotation axis, three similar horizontal 2-fold rotation axes, each perpendicular to a plane of symmetry, a center of inversion symmetry, and a vertical 6-fold rotation-reflection axis.

Example with 2n = 2×2:

A regular right symmetric didigonal scalenohedron has only one vertical and two horizontal 2-fold rotation axes, two vertical planes of symmetry, which bisect the angles between the horizontal pair of axes, and a vertical 4-fold rotation-reflection axis; it has no center of inversion symmetry.

For at most two particular values of ${\displaystyle z_A=|z_{A^{\prime }}|,}$ the faces of such a scalenohedron may be isosceles.

Double example:

• The scalenohedron with regular zigzag skew 2×2-gon base vertices U, U', V, V' and right symmetric apices A, A'$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cccccc}U& =(3,0,2),& V& =(0,3,-2),& A& =(0,0,3),\\ U^{\prime }& =(-3,0,2),& V^{\prime }& =(0,-3,-2),& A^{\prime }& =(0,0,-3),\end{array}}$$ has its faces isosceles. Indeed:
  • Upper apical edge lengths:$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{AU}& =\overline{A{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{10},\\ \overline{AV}& =\overline{A{V}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{34};\end{array}}$$
  • Base edge length:$${\displaystyle \overline{UV}=\overline{V{U}^{\prime }}=\overline{U^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\overline{V^{\prime }U}=\sqrt{34};}$$
  • Lower apical edge lengths (equal to upper edge lengths swapped):$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{A^{\prime }U}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{34},\\ \overline{A^{\prime }V}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{10}.\end{array}}$$

• The scalenohedron with same base vertices, but with right symmetric apices$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}A& =(0,0,7),\\ A^{\prime }& =(0,0,-7),\end{array}}$$ also has its faces isosceles. Indeed:
  • Upper apical edge lengths:$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{AU}& =\overline{A{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{34},\\ \overline{AV}& =\overline{A{V}^{\prime }}=3\sqrt{10};\end{array}}$$
  • Base edge length (equal to previous example): $${\displaystyle \overline{UV}=\overline{V{U}^{\prime }}=\overline{U^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\overline{V^{\prime }U}=\sqrt{34};}$$
  • Lower apical edge lengths (equal to upper edge lengths swapped):$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{A^{\prime }U}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{U}^{\prime }}=3\sqrt{10},\\ \overline{A^{\prime }V}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{34}.\end{array}}$$

In crystallography, regular right symmetric didigonal (8-faced) and ditrigonal (12-faced) scalenohedra exist.

The smallest geometric scalenohedra have eight faces, and are topologically identical to the regular octahedron. In this case (2n = 2×2), in crystallography, a regular right symmetric didigonal (8-faced) scalenohedron is called a tetragonal scalenohedron.

Let us temporarily focus on the regular right symmetric 8-faced scalenohedra with h = r, i.e. $${\displaystyle z_A=|z_{A^{\prime }}|=x_U=|x_{U^{\prime }}|=y_V=|y_{V^{\prime }}|.}$$ Their two apices can be represented as A, A' and their four basal vertices as U, U', V, V': $${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cccccc}U& =(1,0,z),& V& =(0,1,-z),& A& =(0,0,1),\\ U^{\prime }& =(-1,0,z),& V^{\prime }& =(0,-1,-z),& A^{\prime }& =(0,0,-1),\end{array}}$$ where z is a parameter between 0 and 1.

At z = 0, it is a regular octahedron; at z = 1, it has four pairs of coplanar faces, and merging these into four congruent isosceles triangles makes it a disphenoid; for z > 1, it is concave.

If the 2n-gon base is both isotoxal in-out and zigzag skew, then not all faces of the isotoxal right symmetric scalenohedron are congruent.

Example with five different edge lengths:

• The scalenohedron with isotoxal in-out zigzag skew 2×2-gon base vertices U, U', V, V' and right symmetric apices A, A' $${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cccccc}U& =(1,0,1),& V& =(0,2,-1),& A& =(0,0,3),\\ U^{\prime }& =(-1,0,1),& V^{\prime }& =(0,-2,-1),& A^{\prime }& =(0,0,-3),\end{array}}$$ has congruent scalene upper faces, and congruent scalene lower faces, but not all its faces are congruent. Indeed:
  • Upper apical edge lengths:$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{AU}& =\overline{A{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{5},\\ \overline{AV}& =\overline{A{V}^{\prime }}=2\sqrt{5};\end{array}}$$
  • Base edge length:$${\displaystyle \overline{UV}=\overline{V{U}^{\prime }}=\overline{U^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\overline{V^{\prime }U}=3;}$$
  • Lower apical edge lengths:$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{A^{\prime }U}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{17},\\ \overline{A^{\prime }V}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=2\sqrt{2}.\end{array}}$$

For some particular values of z_A = |z_A'|, half the faces of such a scalenohedron may be isosceles or equilateral.

Example with three different edge lengths:

• The scalenohedron with isotoxal in-out zigzag skew 2×2-gon base vertices U, U', V, V' and right symmetric apices A, A' $${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cccccc}U& =(3,0,2),& V& =\left(0,\sqrt{65},-2\right),& A& =(0,0,7),\\ U^{\prime }& =(-3,0,2),& V^{\prime }& =\left(0,-\sqrt{65},-2\right),& A^{\prime }& =(0,0,-7),\end{array}}$$ has congruent scalene upper faces, and congruent equilateral lower faces; thus not all its faces are congruent. Indeed:
  • Upper apical edge lengths:$${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{AU}& =\overline{A{U}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{34},\\ \overline{AV}& =\overline{A{V}^{\prime }}=\sqrt{146};\end{array}}$$
  • Base edge length:$${\displaystyle \overline{UV}=\overline{V{U}^{\prime }}=\overline{U^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=\overline{V^{\prime }U}=3\sqrt{10};}$$
  • Lower apical edge length(s): $${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}\overline{A^{\prime }U}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{U}^{\prime }}=3\sqrt{10},\\ \overline{A^{\prime }V}& =\overline{A^{\prime }{V}^{\prime }}=3\sqrt{10}.\end{array}}$$

Star bipyramids

A star bipyramid has a star polygon base, and is self-intersecting.

A regular right symmetric star bipyramid has congruent isosceles triangle faces, and is isohedral.

A p/q-bipyramid has Coxeter diagram .

4-polytopes with bipyramidal cells

The dual of the rectification of each convex regular 4-polytopes is a cell-transitive 4-polytope with bipyramidal cells. In the following:

• A is the apex vertex of the bipyramid;
• E is an equator vertex;
• EE is the distance between adjacent vertices on the equator (equal to 1);
• AE is the apex-to-equator edge length;
• AA is the distance between the apices.

The bipyramid 4-polytope will have V_A vertices where the apices of N_A bipyramids meet. It will have V_E vertices where the type E vertices of N_E bipyramids meet.

• ⁠${\displaystyle N_{\overline{AE}}}$⁠ bipyramids meet along each type AE edge.
• ⁠${\displaystyle N_{\overline{EE}}}$⁠ bipyramids meet along each type EE edge.
• ⁠${\displaystyle C_{\overline{AE}}}$⁠ is the cosine of the dihedral angle along an AE edge.
• ⁠${\displaystyle C_{\overline{EE}}}$⁠ is the cosine of the dihedral angle along an EE edge.

As cells must fit around an edge, $${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}{N}_{\overline{EE}}\arccos C_{\overline{EE}}& \le 2\pi ,\\ N_{\overline{AE}}\arccos C_{\overline{AE}}& \le 2\pi .\end{array}}$$

Other dimensions

A generalized n-dimensional "bipyramid" is any n-polytope constructed from an (n − 1)-polytope base lying in a hyperplane, with every base vertex connected by an edge to two apex vertices. If the (n − 1)-polytope is a regular polytope and the apices are equidistant from its center along the line perpendicular to the base hyperplane, it will have identical pyramidal facets.

A 2-dimensional analog of a right symmetric bipyramid is formed by joining two congruent isosceles triangles base-to-base to form a rhombus. More generally, a kite is a 2-dimensional analog of a (possibly asymmetric) right bipyramid, and any quadrilateral is a 2-dimensional analog of a general bipyramid.