Boole's expansion theorem

Variations and implications

XOR-Form

The statement also holds when the disjunction "+" is replaced by the XOR operator:

${\displaystyle f(X_1,X_2,\dots ,X_n)=X_1\cdot f(1,X_2,\dots ,X_n)\oplus X_1^{\prime }\cdot f(0,X_2,\dots ,X_n)}$

Dual form

There is a dual form of the Shannon expansion (which does not have a related XOR form):

${\displaystyle f(X_1,X_2,\dots ,X_n)=(X_1+f(0,X_2,\dots ,X_n))\cdot (X_1^{\prime }+f(1,X_2,\dots ,X_n))}$

Repeated application for each argument leads to the Sum of Products (SoP) canonical form of the Boolean function ${\displaystyle f}$. For example for ${\displaystyle n=2}$ that would be

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}f(X_1,X_2)& =X_1\cdot f(1,X_2)+X_1^{\prime }\cdot f(0,X_2)\\ & =X_1{X}_2\cdot f(1,1)+X_1{X}_2^{\prime }\cdot f(1,0)+X_1^{\prime }{X}_2\cdot f(0,1)+X_1^{\prime }{X}_2^{\prime }\cdot f(0,0)\end{array}}$

Likewise, application of the dual form leads to the Product of Sums (PoS) canonical form (using the distributivity law of ${\displaystyle +}$ over ${\displaystyle \cdot }$):

${\displaystyle \begin{array}{cc}f(X_1,X_2)& =(X_1+f(0,X_2))\cdot (X_1^{\prime }+f(1,X_2))\\ & =(X_1+X_2+f(0,0))\cdot (X_1+X_2^{\prime }+f(0,1))\cdot (X_1^{\prime }+X_2+f(1,0))\cdot (X_1^{\prime }+X_2^{\prime }+f(1,1))\end{array}}$

Properties of cofactors

Linear properties of cofactors:

For a Boolean function F which is made up of two Boolean functions G and H the following are true:

If ${\displaystyle F=H^{\prime }}$ then ${\displaystyle F_x=H_x^{\prime }}$

If ${\displaystyle F=G\cdot H}$ then ${\displaystyle F_x=G_x\cdot H_x}$

If ${\displaystyle F=G+H}$ then ${\displaystyle F_x=G_x+H_x}$

If ${\displaystyle F=G\oplus H}$ then ${\displaystyle F_x=G_x\oplus H_x}$

Characteristics of unate functions:

If F is a unate function and...

If F is positive unate then ${\displaystyle F=x\cdot F_x+F_{x^{\prime }}}$

If F is negative unate then ${\displaystyle F=F_x+x^{\prime }\cdot F_{x^{\prime }}}$

Operations with cofactors

Boolean difference:

The Boolean difference or Boolean derivative of the function F with respect to the literal x is defined as:

${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\partial }F}{\mathrm{\partial }x}=F_x\oplus F_{x^{\prime }}}$

Universal quantification:

The universal quantification of F is defined as:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{\forall }xF=F_x\cdot F_{x^{\prime }}}$

Existential quantification:

The existential quantification of F is defined as:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{\exists }xF=F_x+F_{x^{\prime }}}$

History

George Boole presented this expansion as his Proposition II, "To expand or develop a function involving any number of logical symbols", in his Laws of Thought (1854), and it was "widely applied by Boole and other nineteenth-century logicians".

Claude Shannon mentioned this expansion, among other Boolean identities, in a 1949 paper, and showed the switching network interpretations of the identity. In the literature of computer design and switching theory, the identity is often incorrectly attributed to Shannon.

Application to switching circuits

1. Binary decision diagrams follow from systematic use of this theorem
2. Any Boolean function can be implemented directly in a switching circuit using a hierarchy of basic multiplexer by repeated application of this theorem.