Calcium channel
Ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass
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Through Calcium, Ligand and Action potential
Calcium channels can participate in the creation of action potentials across cell membranes. Calcium channels can also be used to release calcium ions as second messengers within the cell, affecting downstream signaling pathways.
Comparison tables
The following tables explain gating, gene, location and function of different types of calcium channels, both voltage and ligand-gated.
Voltage-gated
- voltage-operated calcium channels
Ligand-gated
- receptor-operated calcium channels
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Non-selective channels permeable to calcium
There are several cation channel families that allow positively charged ions including calcium to pass through. These include P2X receptors, Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, Acid-sensing ion channels, and SOC channels. These channels can be regulated by membrane voltage potentials, ligands, and/or other cellular conditions. Cat-Sper channels, found in mammalian sperm, are one example of this as they are voltage gated and ligand regulated.
Pharmacology
L-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat hypertension. In most areas of the body, depolarization is mediated by sodium influx into a cell; changing the calcium permeability has little effect on action potentials. However, in many smooth muscle tissues, depolarization is mediated primarily by calcium influx into the cell. L-type calcium channel blockers selectively inhibit these action potentials in smooth muscle which leads to dilation of blood vessels; this in turn corrects hypertension.
T-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat epilepsy. Increased calcium conductance in the neurons leads to increased depolarization and excitability. This leads to a greater predisposition to epileptic episodes. Calcium channel blockers reduce the neuronal calcium conductance and reduce the likelihood of experiencing epileptic attacks.