Carna botnet
Botnet used to census the entire IPv4 internet
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Through Router (computing)
Data collection
The data was collected by infiltrating Internet devices, especially routers, that used a default password or no password at all. It was named after Carna, "the Roman goddess for the protection of inner organs and health".
Collected data was compiled into a GIF portrait to display Internet use around the world over the course of 24 hours. The data gathered included only the IPv4 address space and not the IPv6 address space.
The Carna Botnet creator believes that with a growing number of IPv6 hosts on the Internet, 2012 may have been the last time a census like this was possible.
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Results
Of the 4.3 billion possible IPv4 addresses, Carna Botnet found a total of 1.3 billion addresses in use, including 141 million that were behind a firewall and 729 million that returned reverse domain name system records. The remaining 2.3 billion IPv4 addresses are probably not used.
An earlier first Internet census by the USDHS LANDER-study had counted 187 million visible Internet hosts in 2006.
Further implications
The data provided by the Carna botnet was used by security researcher Morgan Marquis-Boire to determine in how many countries FinFisher spyware was being used. The use of such legally-gray data to conduct open source analysis raised questions for some, but Marquis-Boire expressed a belief that data is data. "I consider this more like rogue academia rather than criminal activity," he told Wired Magazine.
Number of hosts by top level domain
Amongst other, Carna Botnet counted the number of hosts with reverse DNS names observed from May to October 2012. The top 20 Top Level Domains were: