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- OasisFertile area in a desert environment
- ObductionGeological process at tectonic plate boundaries
- Obligations of States in respect of climate changeAdvisory opinion from the ICJ
- Oblique subductionOblique subduction is a form of subduction (i.e. a tectonic process involving the converge
- ObsidianNaturally occurring volcanic glass
- Occupational heat stressOccupational heat stress is the net load to which a worker is exposed from the combined co
- Ocean acidificationDecrease of pH levels in the ocean
- Ocean Affairs CouncilGovernment agency of Taiwan
- Ocean ConservancyNonprofit environmental advocacy group
- Ocean currentDirectional mass flow of oceanic water
- Ocean deoxygenationReduction of the oxygen content of the oceans
- Ocean dynamical thermostatPhysical mechanism affecting sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean
- Ocean dynamicsMotion of water in the oceans
- Ocean fertilizationProvision of nutrients to the upper layers of the oceans
- Ocean governancePolicy, actions and affairs regarding the world's oceans
- Ocean gyreAny large system of circulating ocean surface currents
- Ocean heat contentEnergy stored by oceans
- Ocean island basaltVolcanic rock
- Ocean Prediction CenterThe Ocean Prediction Center (OPC), established in 1995, is one of the National Centers for
- Ocean Science (journal)Open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal
- Ocean stratificationLayering of ocean water due to density differences
- Ocean surface ecosystemOrganisms on the ocean's surface
- Ocean surface topographyShape of the ocean surface relative to the geoid
- Ocean temperaturePhysical quantity of hot and cold in ocean water
- Ocean turbidityMeasure of cloudiness of sea water
- Oceanic basinGeologic basin under the sea
- Oceanic carbon cycleOcean/atmosphere carbon exchange process
- Oceanic climateClimate classification
- Oceanic crustUppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate
- Oceanic trenchLong and narrow depressions of the sea floor
- Oceanic zonePart of the ocean beyond the continental shelf
- OceanographyScientific study of the ocean
- Oceans Act of 2000US law to establish policy on the oceans
- OchreEarth pigment of characteristic colour
- OcotepequeOcotepeque is a municipality in the Honduran department of Ocotepeque. The town of Nueva O
- OctahedriteOctahedrites are the most common structural class of iron meteorites. The structures occur
- October 1997 North American storm complexSevere weather event in October 1997
- October 2015 North American storm complexExtratropical storm in 2015
- October 2022 Southern Ocean cycloneThe October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone, also referred to as the Peter I storm or EC2022 w
- Octopus tehuelchusOctopus tehuelchus, commonly known as the Patagonian octopus, is a species of octopus, a m
- OdontogriphusGenus of soft-bodied animals from middle Cambrian
- Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric ResearchNOAA environmental products and services
- Officer BasinThe Officer Basin is an intracratonic sedimentary basin that covers roughly 320,000 km2 al
- Oil and gas reserves and resource quantificationIndustry concept of crude oil and natural gas reserves and resources
- Oil content meterDevice for monitoring oil levels in shipboard water discharges
- Oil in TurkeyPetroleum and petroleum products in Turkey
- Oil sandsType of unconventional oil deposit
- Oil shaleOrganic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen
- Oil shale geologyBranch of geology
- Oil shale reservesOil shale resources that are economically recoverable
- Oil well fireOil well fires are oil or gas wells that have caught on fire and burn. They can be caused
- Oily water separator (marine)An oily water separator (OWS) (marine) is a piece of equipment specific to the shipping or
- Okhotsk plateMinor tectonic plate in Asia
- Olaf HoltedahlNorwegian geologist
- Old Red SandstoneAssemblage of rocks in the North Atlantic region
- Oldest dated rocksIncludes rocks over 4 billion years old from the Hadean Eon
- Oldman FormationThe Oldman Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous (Campanian stage) age that
- OligoceneThird epoch of the Paleogene Period
- OlivineMineral of magnesium iron silicate
- OlorgesailieArchaeological site in Kenya
- Omega equationThe omega equation is a culminating result in synoptic-scale meteorology. It is an ellipti
- OmphaciteOmphacite is a member of the clinopyroxene group of silicate minerals with formula: (Ca, N
- OncoliteTrace fossil
- Onigum, MinnesotaOnigum is an unincorporated community in Shingobee Township, Cass County, Minnesota, Unite
- Ono, CaliforniaOno is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Shasta County, Cal
- OnyxBlack and white variety of agate
- OoidSmall sedimentary grain that forms on shallow tropical seabeds
- OoliteSedimentary rock formed from ooids
- Oolitic aragonite sandSand composed of an egg-like form of aragonite
- OpabiniidaeOpabiniidae is an extinct family of marine stem-arthropods. Its type and best-known genus
- OpalHydrated amorphous form of silica
- Opening of the North Atlantic OceanBreakup of Pangea
- OphioliteUplifted and exposed oceanic crust
- Optical mineralogyOptical properties of rocks and minerals
- Optical phenomenonObservable events that result from the interaction of light and matter
- Orbis spikeThe Orbis Spike is a global dip in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels around the year 1610
- Orbital ATKOrbital ATK Inc. was an American aerospace manufacturer and defense industry company. It w
- Orbital forcingEffect on the Earth's climate from slow orbital changes
- Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is an American environmental science satellite which
- Orcadian BasinSedimentary basin of Devonian age in Scotland, UK
- Ordnance SurveyNational mapping agency for Great Britain
- Ordos BlockGeologic feature in China
- OrdovicianSecond period of the Paleozoic Era
- OreRock or sediment with valuable metals, minerals and elements
- Ore genesisHow the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust
- Ore gradeConcentration of a commodity in ore
- Oregon PetitionControversial 1998 petition skeptical of global warming
- Organic geochemistryStudy of interactions between organisms and the Earth
- Organic-rich sedimentary rocksOrganic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains signi
- Oriente (Ecuador)Amazonian region of Ecuador
- Origin of water on EarthHypotheses for the possible sources of the water on Earth
- OroclineAspect of geology
- Orogenic beltZone affected by mountain formation
- OrogenyFormation of mountain ranges
- Orographic liftAir mass forced upwards as it moves over rising terrain
- Orovada, NevadaOrovada is a census-designated place in Humboldt County, Nevada. The population was 155 at
- Orphaned wells in the United StatesThough different jurisdictions have varying criteria for what exactly qualifies as an orph
- OrpimentOrange-yellow arsenic sulfide mineral
- OrthoclaseFeldspar mineral found in igneous rock
- Osage PlainsThe Osage Plains are a physiographic section of the larger Central Lowland province, which
- Oscar Edward MeinzerAmerican hydrogeologist (1876–1948)
- Oslo Dumping ConventionInternational agreement on ocean pollution
- Oslo, MinnesotaOslo ( OSS-loh) is a city in Marshall County, Minnesota, United States. The population was
- OtaviaExtinct genus of sponges
- Othenio AbelAustrian paleontologist and biologist (1875-1946)
- Ottawa ValleyValley in Ontario and Quebec in Canada
- Ottawa-Bonnechere GrabenRift valley extending from near Montréal through Ottawa in Canada
- Ötztal AlpsMountain range in Austria and Italy
- Ouled Abdoun BasinPhosphate basin in Morocco
- Our Common FutureBrundtland report
- Outburst (mining)Violent underground phenomenon
- Outburst floodHigh-magnitude, low-frequency catastrophic flood involving the sudden release of water
- OutcropVisible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth
- Outflow (meteorology)Air that flows outwards from a storm system
- Outflow boundaryMesoscale boundary separating outflow from the surrounding air
- Outgoing longwave radiationEnergy transfer mechanism which enables planetary cooling
- Outwash plainPlain formed from glacier sediment transported by meltwater
- Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist)Australian biologist
- Overburden pressurePressure is force magnitude applied over an area. Overburden pressure is a geology term th
- OverdeepeningCharacteristic of basins and valleys eroded by glaciers
- OverdraftPayments from a bank account exceeding the balance
- OverexploitationDepleting a renewable resource
- OverfishingRemoval of any species of fish from water at a rate that the species cannot replenish
- OverloggingOverlogging is a form of overexploitation caused by legal or illegal logging activities th
- Oxbow lakeU-shaped lake or pool left by an ancient river meander
- Oxford zero emission zoneThe Oxford zero emission zone is the first zero emission zone (ZEZ) in the United Kingdom.
- Oxide mineralClass of minerals containing oxygen
- Oxnard PlainThe Oxnard Plain is a large coastal plain in southwest Ventura County, California, United
- Oxygen cycleBiogeochemical cycle of oxygen
- Oxygen isotope ratio cycleCyclical variations in the ratio of the abundance of oxygen
- Ozone depletionAtmospheric phenomenon
- Ozone layerRegion of the stratosphere
- Ozone–oxygen cycleBiogeochemical cycle
