Collateral circulation
Alternate blood flow around a blockage
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Through Circulatory system, Blood vessel and Thumb
An example of the usefulness of collateral circulation is a systemic thromboembolism in cats. This is when a thrombotic embolus lodges above the external iliac artery (common iliac artery), blocking the external and internal iliac arteries and effectively shutting off all blood supply to the hind leg. Even though the main vessels to the leg are blocked, enough blood can get to the tissues in the leg via the collateral circulation to keep them alive.
Brain
Blood flow to the brain in humans and some other animals is maintained via a network of collateral arteries that anastomose (join) in the circle of Willis, which lies at the base of the brain. In the circle of Willis so-called communicating arteries exist between the front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts of the circle of Willis, as well as between the left and right side of the circle of Willis.
Leptomeningeal collateral circulation is another anastomosis in the brain.
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Heart
Another example in humans and some other animals is after an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Collateral circulation in the heart tissue will sometimes bypass the blockage in the main artery and supply enough oxygenated blood to enable the cardiac tissue to survive and recover.
Eye
After central retinal vein occlusion, neovascularization may restore some blood flow to the retina, but the new vessels' bulk also presents a risk of causing acute glaucoma by blocking the drainage of aqueous humour. Collateral circulation is created (within months) around the blocked central vein via a generally winding path, usually from a branch vein to the choroid.
Hand
The circulatory system of the human hand features extensive collateral circulation in the form of the deep and superficial palmar arches, and the proper palmar digital arteries of the digits, with the exception of the thumb, which has its blood supplied by the princeps pollicis artery. As each finger has two proper digital arteries, blood can be supplied to specific digits if one of the two is injured.
Truncal venous system
Hepatic cirrhosis arising from congestion in the hepatic portal vein may give rise to collateral circulation between branches of the portal and caval veins of the liver, or between the two caval veins. Consequences of newly established venous collaterals arising from portal hypertension include esophageal varices and hemorrhoids (portocaval collateral circulation).