Deoxygenation
Chemical reaction removing oxygen atoms from a molecule
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Through Chemical reaction, Oxygen and Organic compound
Compounds with an oxygen atom removed can be described as "desoxy-" or "deoxy-" relative to the original compound, for instance deoxyribose or desoxymescaline.
Deoxygenation of C-O bonds
With replacement by H2
The main examples involving the replacement of an oxo group by two hydrogen atoms (A=O → AH2) are hydrogenolysis. Typical examples use metal catalysts and H2 as the reagent. Conditions are typically more forcing than hydrogenation.
Stoichiometric reactions that effect deoxygenation include the Wolff–Kishner reduction for aryl ketones. The replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen (A-OH → A-H) is the point of the Barton–McCombie deoxygenation and the Markó–Lam deoxygenation.
Biomass valorization
Deoxygenation is an important goal of the conversion of biomass to useful fuels and chemicals. Partial deoxygenation is effected by dehydration and decarboxylation.
Other routes
Oxygen groups can also be removed by the reductive coupling of ketones, as illustrated by the McMurry reaction.
Epoxides can be deoxygenated using the oxophilic reagent produced by combining tungsten hexachloride and n-butyllithium generates the alkene. This reaction can proceed with loss or retention of configuration.
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Deoxygenation of S-O and P-O bonds
N=O bonds
Nitroaromatics are deoxygenated by strongly reducing silyl reagents such as N,N'-bis(trimethylsilyl)-4,4'-bipyridinylidene.
P=O bonds
Phosphorus occurs in nature as oxides, so to produce elemental form of the element, deoxygenation is required. The main method involves carbothermic reduction (i.e., carbon is the deoxygenation agent).
- 4 Ca5(PO4)3F + 18 SiO2 + 30 C → 3 P4 + 30 CO + 18 CaSiO3 + 2 CaF2
Oxophilic main group compounds are useful reagents for certain deoxygenations conducted on laboratory scale. The highly oxophilic reagent hexachlorodisilane (Si2Cl6) stereospecifically deoxygenates phosphine oxides.
S=O bonds
A chemical reagent for the deoxygenation of many sulfur and nitrogen oxo compounds is the combination trifluoroacetic anhydride/sodium iodide. For example, in the deoxygenation of the sulfoxide diphenylsulfoxide to the sulfide diphenylsulfide:
The reaction mechanism is based on the activation of the sulfoxide by a trifluoroacetyl group and oxidation of iodine. Iodine is formed quantitatively in this reaction and therefore the reagent is used for the analytical detection of many oxo compounds.