Dry Corridor

Drought and Climate Change

There is strong evidence linking climate change to severe drought events. Land and ocean evaporation increases as global warming occurs, reducing soil moisture. Similarly, global warming is expected to aggravate precipitation patterns.

Moreover, projections indicate that agricultural droughts are projected to increase because, with more evaporation, there will be less runoff. Global warming has led to rising sea levels, thus salinizing aquifers and estuaries, making this water unavailable. As a result, water supply droughts will occur, as people will need to depend more on other freshwater sources, like groundwater. Ultimately, climate change leads to more variability and severity in droughts. Specifically, people living in the Dry Corridor are heavily dependent on agriculture. Droughts affect water resources and thus agricultural yields.

2019 was the fifth straight year of drought, and the "second consecutive year of failed yields for subsistence farmers." The region's climate is increasingly characterized by higher temperatures and prolonged dry periods. Concurrently, agricultural pests have proliferated, seasonal rains have become less predictable or entirely absent, and the frequency and intensity of flooding events have escalated.

An effort to aid farmers in this climate crisis is led by the UN Environment Programme. They are working with farmers throughout the region to boost the resilience of rural communities and improve food security. Collaboration with the Central American Integration System and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is helping to reverse land degradation by planting trees and sharing resources.

Climate Migration

Approximately 8% of families in the region report that they plan to migrate in an attempt to improve their situations, with the increase in emigration of "500% between 2010 and 2015." A World Bank report projects that up to 4 million people from Central America and Mexico will become climate change migrants, people who are displaced due to climate-related weather events, by 2050 if measures are not taken to prevent climate change and adapt agricultural practices. Migrants typically first travel to nearby urban areas, with fewer continuing north to Mexico, and fewer still traveling all the way to the USA border.

Climate migration such as that seen in the Dry Corridor is one of the sources of conflict at the US-Mexico border. While some U.S. political figures have described recent migrations in inflammatory terms, officials from U.S. Customs and Border Protection have acknowledged that environmental factors—particularly crop failure—are among the primary drivers of migration from the region.

The United States has played a significant role in the global climate patterns that underlie these migration pressures. Since 1850, the US has been the top contributor to climate change, creating 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Transportation is the largest contributing factor, followed by electric power. In comparison, El Salvador and Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala are responsible for .01, .02, and .03 percent of historical greenhouse gas emissions, respectively.

Political theorists and ethicists argue that climate migrants should be allowed entry into the United States as compensation for their displacement and because the US, through its significant contribution to climate change, has harmed those seeking shelter.

Climate Justice

Climate Injustice is the unequal distribution of climate change-related consequences, like health or weather event impacts. It is a global human rights movement aiming to create a more equitable, sustainable future. The effects of climate change disproportionately affect historically marginalized people, such as Indigenous or poverty-stricken communities.

According to the World Food Programme, the climate induced drought and resulting climate migration in the Dry Corridor is a case of climate injustice. Climate and weather variability exacerbate social issues, including food insecurity, poverty, and inequality. Socioeconomic components, like income from agriculture or household wealth status, impact a person's conflict due to climate-related events.

Stakeholders will need to be address improvement from multiple angles, including providing short-term food security and assistance, addressing climate change on a global scale, and sustainable development initiatives to promote robust crop production in these areas facing new climates.

Ultimately, according to the University of Manchester, as the largest contributor to climate change (92%), it is the Global North's responsibility to take steps to mitigate climate change. The Industrial Revolution led up to this point, as burning fossil fuels led to economic growth for countries that had the resources to industrialize. Now, however, it is difficult for many of these countries to provide necessary energy and resources to their citizens in a manner where they will continue to grow their GDP and reduce emissions.

Developing countries, like those located in the Dry Corridor, are the ones who have to deal with the consequences of climate change. They are not equipped with the technology to handle them, thus leading to migration or death. Steps developed countries can take to slow climate change include transitioning to renewable energy sources, sustainable transportation and agriculture, and investment in nature-based solutions. These can include restoration of forests and coastal wetlands and restorative agricultural practices, such as crop rotation.