Fully qualified domain name
Type of Internet domain name
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Through HTTP and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Definition
A fully qualified domain name is conventionally written as a list of domain labels separated using the full stop "." character (dot or period). The top of the hierarchy in an FQDN begins with the rightmost label. For instance, in the FQDN somehost.example.com, com is a label directly under the root zone, example is nested under com, and finally somehost is nested under example.com.
The topmost layer of every domain name is the DNS root zone, which is expressed as an empty label and can be represented in an FQDN with a trailing dot, such as somehost.example.com.. A trailing dot is generally implied and often omitted by most applications. Trailing dots are required by the standard format for DNS zone files, as well as to disambiguate cases where an FQDN does not contain any other label separators, such as the FQDNs for the root zone itself and any top-level domain.
The length of each label must be between 1 and 63 octets, and the full domain name is limited to 255 octets, full stops included.
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Relative domain names
A relative domain name is a domain name which does not include all labels. It may also be referred to as a partially-qualified domain name, or PQDN. Hostnames can be used as relative domain names.
Usage
Dot-separated fully qualified domain names are the primarily used form for human-readable representations of a domain name. Dot-separated domain names are not used in the internal representation of labels in a DNS message but are used to reference domains in some TXT records and can appear in resolver configurations, system hosts files, and URLs.
Web addresses typically use FQDNs to represent the host, as it ensures the address will be interpreted identically on any network. Relative hostnames are allowed by some protocols, including HTTP, but disallowed by others, such as the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).