Gas spring

Gas springs are used in automobiles to support hatches, hoods, and covers. They are also used in furniture and doors, as well as in medical beds. They are used industrially in machine tool presses. Fast-acting gas springs are used in aerospace design and weapons applications, and large, extended gas springs are used in passive heave compensators, which stabilize drilling operations against waves.

Gas springs are usually implemented in one of two ways. A pneumatic suspension gas spring directly compresses a chamber of air with the piston. A hydro-pneumatic suspension gas spring instead compresses a chamber of oil linked to an accumulator in which the pressure of the oil compresses the gas. Nitrogen is a common gas in gas springs because it is inert and nonflammable.

Principle of operation

A gas spring consists of a sealed cylinder filled with a charge of high-pressure gas, a piston rod attached to a piston with a sliding seal, and some oil. The piston (or the cylinder wall) contains a number of channels that allow the gas to transfer between the lower chamber (between the piston and the closed end of the cylinder) and the upper chamber (between the piston and the head cap). This causes the pressure in both chambers to equalize no matter how far the piston is pushed down the tube.

In the ideal case of a piston moving with zero friction through a fully sealed cylinder, there are two key phenomena which can be thought of as acting simultaneously inside the spring as it is compressed. Firstly, as the spring is compressed and the piston rod is pushed into the cylinder, the gaseous volume of the cylinder decreases due to the extra space now being occupied by the solid piston rod. This would be the case even if there were no piston attached to the rod, as the volume of the rod displaces an equal volume of gas, but the total volume of the enclosing cylinder remains a constant. This means the pressure of the gas increases. Second, the bottom of the piston always experiences a greater force opposite to the compressing action than the top, because pressure is a scalar quantity: it acts equally in all directions. The gas on both sides of the piston will be at equal pressure due to the equalizing channels, but the gas in the "lower" chamber has more surface area of the piston available to push on than the gas in the "upper" chamber, due to the rod. Since pressure is force per unit area, more area at the same pressure necessarily means more force. This is the reason the piston is present.

Other details

According to Hooke's law, if the internal plunger features a diaphragm that extends to the side of the gas tube, it will stop moving once the applied force becomes constant and will support a weight, like a normal spring. Some gas springs have fine holes in the plunger for additional damping: these are called "slow-damper springs" and are common on safety gates and doors. A gas spring designed for fast operation(s) is termed a "quick gas spring" and is used in the manufacture of air guns and recoil buffers.

It is possible to reduce the gas volume and increase its internal pressure by means of a movable end stop, or by allowing one tube to slide over another, allowing the characteristics of a gas spring to be adjusted during operation. The rod may be hollow by use of clever seals, or it may consist of multiple small-diameter rods. A small amount of oil is normally present.

The gas may be introduced by a Schrader-type valve, using a lip seal around the rod and forcing it to allow gas in by external overpressure or a shuttling O-ring system. Gas springs with high caliber contain a very large amount of energy, and can be used as a power pack. In emergency use, the gas may be introduced via a gas generator cell, similar to those used in airbags.