Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation
Romanisation scheme for Chinese characters
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Through The Buddha
Name and origin
The romanisation system in use by the Hong Kong government is called the Government System or the Dyer-Ball/Eitel system, although it contains some features inexplicable by either Ball or Eitel, and furthermore it has varied over time.
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Method
Currently, government departments, particularly the Survey and Mapping Office of the Lands Department, consult the Chinese Language Department of the Civil Service Bureau before gazetting names and the latter vet proposed names using the Three Way Chinese Commercial/Telegraphic Code Book, originally published by the Royal Hong Kong Police Force Special Branch for internal government use in 1971. The code book system is devoid of any tone indications and, being grossly simplified, is susceptible to confusion.
Although the code book has only been available for several decades, the Romanisation approach for place names in Hong Kong has been broadly consistent since before 1888. This can be seen in maps of the period and in the government's publication A Gazetteer of Place Names in Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories of 1960.
Typical features
For place names, the type of the place in English is often used instead of a romanisation (e.g., "Street" and "Road" in place of "Kai" (街) and "Lo" (路)). Nevertheless, exceptions are not uncommon (for example, "Fong" in "Lan Kwai Fong", meaning "Square" if translated). "Wan" for "Bay" and "Tsuen" (or "Chuen") for "Estate" (or "Village") are also common. There are also many instances of surviving pre-1888 Romanisation, such as "Kowloon", "Un Chau Street", and "Hong Kong" itself, which would be "Kau Lung", "Yuen Chau Street", and "Heung Kong" under this system, respectively.
Romanisation of names is mandatory in government identification documents such as identity cards issued by the Registration of Persons Office. This standard is used by the office by default though individuals are at liberty to choose their own spelling or another romanisation system.
Spelling
All tones are omitted as are distinctions between aspirated and unaspirated stops. The distinctions between the long vowel and the short vowel are omitted like Fat (發, ; meaning "to issue") and Fat (佛, ; meaning "Buddha").
Some of the inconsistencies are due to a distinction that has been lost historically (a distinction between palatal and alveolar sounds, viz. ch versus ts, sh versus s, and j versus z). These consonants are no longer distinguished in present-day speech.
The following table of geographical names illustrates the standard.
Consonants
Initials
Finals
Vowels, diphthongs, and syllabic consonants
- ^ The standard pronunciation of 五 is . However, a more common pronunciation in Hong Kong is and many words are merging with it. The only word that was originally pronounced as m̩ is "唔" (not) and it is not used in place names.