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Kyūjitai

Old forms of kanji

  • 7 min read
  • 4 chapters

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Through China, Japan and World War II

Prior to the promulgation of the tōyō kanji list in 1946, kyūjitai were known as seiji (正字, 'proper/correct characters') or seijitai (正字體). Even after kyūjitai were officially marked for discontinuation with the promulgation of the tōyō kanji list, they were used in print frequently into the 1950s due to logistical delays in changing over typesetting equipment. Kyūjitai continue in use to the present day because when the Japanese government adopted the simplified forms, it did not ban the traditional forms. Thus, traditional forms are used when an author wishes to use them and the publisher agrees.

Unlike in the People's Republic of China, where all personal names were simplified as part of the character simplification reform carried out in the 1950s, the Japanese reform applied only to a subset of the characters in use (the tōyō kanji) and excluded characters used in proper names. Therefore, kyūjitai are still used in personal names in Japan today (see jinmeiyō kanji). In modern Japanese, kyūjitai that appear in the official spelling of proper names are sometimes replaced with the modern shinjitai form.

Jōyō kanji

In the 2,136 Jōyō Kanji (常用漢字), there are 364 pairs of simplified and traditional characters (for example, 亜 is the simplified form of 亞). The kanji 弁 is used to simplify three different traditional kanji (辨, 瓣, and 辯).

Traditional characters that may not be displayed correctly

Within the jōyō kanji, there are 62 characters the old forms of which may not be displayed correctly:

Kyōiku kanji (26):

  • Grade 2 (2 kanji): 海 社
  • Grade 3 (8 kanji): 勉 暑 漢 神 福 練 者 都
  • Grade 4 (6 kanji): 器 殺 祝 節 梅 類
  • Grade 5 (1 kanji): 祖
  • Grade 6 (9 kanji): 勤 穀 視 署 層 著 諸 難 朗

Secondary-school kanji (36):

  • Secondary school (36 kanji): 欄 廊 虜 隆 塚 祥 侮 僧 免 卑 喝 嘆 塀 墨 悔 慨 憎 懲 敏 既 煮 碑 祉 祈 禍 突 繁 臭 褐 謁 謹 賓 贈 逸 響 頻

These characters are Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs for which the old form (kyūjitai) and the new form (shinjitai) have been unified under the Unicode standard. Although the old and new forms are distinguished under the JIS X 0213 standard, the old forms map to Unicode CJK Compatibility Ideographs which are considered by Unicode to be canonically equivalent to the new forms and may not be distinguished by user agents. Therefore, depending on the user environment, it may not be possible to see the distinction between old and new forms of the characters. In particular, all Unicode normalization methods merge the old characters with the new ones.

List of the simplified jōyō kanji and their traditional forms

In the revised version of jōyō kanji, 5 kanji were removed (but preserved as jinmeiyō kanji), and 196 more kanji were added into Jōyō Kanjihyō of originally 1945 kanji; 6 of these new kanji have a traditional and a simplified form. They are underlined in the following list.

亜(亞) 悪(惡) 圧(壓) 囲(圍) 医(醫) 為(爲) 壱(壹) 逸(逸︁) 隠(隱) 栄(榮) 営(營) 衛(衞) 駅(驛) 謁(謁︀) 円(圓) 塩(鹽) 縁(緣) 艶(艷) 応(應) 欧(歐) 殴(毆) 桜(櫻) 奥(奧) 横(橫) 温(溫) 穏(穩) 仮(假) 価(價) 禍(禍︀) 画(畫) 会(會) 悔(悔︀) 海(海︀) 絵(繪) 壊(壞) 懐(懷) 慨(慨︀) 概(槪) 拡(擴) 殻(殼) 覚(覺) 学(學) 岳(嶽) 楽(樂) 喝(喝︀) 渇(渴) 褐(褐︀) 缶(罐) 巻(卷) 陥(陷) 勧(勸) 寛(寬) 漢(漢︀) 関(關) 歓(歡) 観(觀) 気(氣) 祈(祈︀) 既(既︀) 帰(歸) 器(器︀) 亀(龜) 偽(僞) 戯(戲) 犠(犧) 旧(舊) 拠(據) 挙(擧) 虚(虛) 峡(峽) 挟(挾) 狭(狹) 郷(鄕) 響(響︀) 暁(曉) 勤(勤︀) 謹(謹︀) 区(區) 駆(驅) 勲(勳) 薫(薰) 径(徑) 茎(莖) 恵(惠) 掲(揭) 渓(溪) 経(經) 蛍(螢) 軽(輕) 継(繼) 鶏(鷄) 芸(藝) 撃(擊) 欠(缺) 研(硏) 県(縣) 倹(儉) 剣(劍) 険(險) 圏(圈) 検(檢) 献(獻) 権(權) 顕(顯) 験(驗) 厳(嚴) 広(廣) 効(效) 恒(恆) 黄(黃) 鉱(鑛) 号(號) 国(國) 黒(黑) 穀(穀︀) 砕(碎) 済(濟) 斎(齋) 剤(劑) 殺(殺︀) 雑(雜) 参(參) 桟(棧) 蚕(蠶) 惨(慘) 賛(贊) 残(殘) 糸(絲) 祉(祉︀) 視(視︀) 歯(齒) 児(兒) 辞(辭) 湿(濕) 実(實) 写(寫) 社(社︀) 者(者︀) 煮(煮︀) 釈(釋) 寿(壽) 収(收) 臭(臭︀) 従(從) 渋(澁) 獣(獸) 縦(縱) 祝(祝︀) 粛(肅) 処(處) 暑(暑︀) 署(署︀) 緒(緖) 諸(諸︀) 叙(敍) 将(將) 祥(祥︀) 称(稱) 渉(涉) 焼(燒) 証(證) 奨(獎) 条(條) 状(狀) 乗(乘) 浄(淨) 剰(剩) 畳(疊) 縄(繩) 壌(壤) 嬢(孃) 譲(讓) 醸(釀) 触(觸) 嘱(囑) 神(神︀) 真(眞) 寝(寢) 慎(愼) 尽(盡) 図(圖) 粋(粹) 酔(醉) 穂(穗) 随(隨) 髄(髓) 枢(樞) 数(數) 瀬(瀨) 声(聲) 斉(齊) 静(靜) 窃(竊) 摂(攝) 節(節︀) 専(專) 浅(淺) 戦(戰) 践(踐) 銭(錢) 潜(潛) 繊(纖) 禅(禪) 祖(祖︀) 双(雙) 壮(壯) 争(爭) 荘(莊) 捜(搜) 挿(插) 巣(巢) 曽(曾) 痩(瘦) 装(裝) 僧(僧︀) 層(層︀) 総(總) 騒(騷) 増(增) 憎(憎︀) 蔵(藏) 贈(贈︀) 臓(臟) 即(卽) 属(屬) 続(續) 堕(墮) 対(對) 体(體) 帯(帶) 滞(滯) 台(臺) 滝(瀧) 択(擇) 沢(澤) 担(擔) 単(單) 胆(膽) 嘆(嘆︀) 団(團) 断(斷) 弾(彈) 遅(遲) 痴(癡) 虫(蟲) 昼(晝) 鋳(鑄) 著(著︀) 庁(廳) 徴(徵) 聴(聽) 懲(懲︀) 勅(敕) 鎮(鎭) 塚(塚︀) 逓(遞) 鉄(鐵) 点(點) 転(轉) 伝(傳) 都(都︀) 灯(燈) 当(當) 党(黨) 盗(盜) 稲(稻) 闘(鬪) 徳(德) 独(獨) 読(讀) 突(突︀) 届(屆) 難(難︀) 弐(貳) 悩(惱) 脳(腦) 覇(霸) 拝(拜) 廃(廢) 売(賣) 梅(梅︀) 麦(麥) 発(發) 髪(髮) 抜(拔) 繁(繁︀) 晩(晚) 蛮(蠻) 卑(卑︀) 秘(祕) 碑(碑︀) 浜(濱) 賓(賓︀) 頻(頻︀) 敏(敏︀) 瓶(甁) 侮(侮︀) 福(福︀) 払(拂) 仏(佛) 併(倂) 並(竝) 塀(塀︀) 餅(餠) 辺(邊) 変(變) 勉(勉︀) 歩(步) 宝(寶) 豊(豐) 褒(襃) 墨(墨︀) 翻(飜) 毎(每) 万(萬) 満(滿) 免(免︀) 麺(麵) 黙(默) 弥(彌) 訳(譯) 薬(藥) 与(與) 予(豫) 余(餘) 誉(譽) 揺(搖) 様(樣) 謡(謠) 来(來) 頼(賴) 乱(亂) 覧(覽) 欄(欄︀) 竜(龍) 隆(隆︀) 虜(虜︀) 両(兩) 猟(獵) 緑(綠) 涙(淚) 塁(壘) 類(類︀) 礼(禮) 励(勵) 戻(戾) 霊(靈) 齢(齡) 暦(曆) 歴(歷) 恋(戀) 練(練︁) 錬(鍊) 炉(爐) 労(勞) 郎(郞) 朗(朗︀) 廊(廊︀) 楼(樓) 録(錄) 湾(灣) 弁(辨/瓣/辯)

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