Lückentheorie
Academic theory
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Through Chancellor and World War I
Historical uses
In 1861, while the liberals dominated the Prussian parliament, a project of military reform was blocked by their opposition. With no conciliatory solution in sight, Otto von Bismarck decided to employ the Lückentheorie in order to circumvent the opposition of the parliament. He announced his decision in his famous "Blood and Iron" speech. He thereby declared:
"The great questions of our times will not be decided by discussions and majority votes, but by blood and iron".
He continued to govern without a legally voted budget for the next four years, despite continuing parliamentary opposition.
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Separation of military and political domain in Prussia
It was not by accident that this grave conflict emerged in the military domain, which constituted a particularly sensitive domain in Prussia. As noted by Thomas Nipperdey, in Prussia and in the German Empire afterwards, the king and the Emperor respectively were considered the only common denominator between the army and the political domain. Neither the Chancellor, nor the Minister of War were in charge of supervising the army. The Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and ultimately the First World War highlighted this relationship, with the domination of the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL) on then-Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg.
End of the theory's historical use
After the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which was ended by Bismarck despite the king's opposition, the Chancellor managed to gain the support of the national liberals. They therefore passed a "law of indemnities" on the military spending of 1862–1866, while showing their recognition to Bismarck for having paved the path for German unity.