Methyl acrylate
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Through Organic compound, Reagent and Sulfuric acid
Production
The standard industrial reaction for producing methyl acrylate is esterification of acrylic acid with methanol under acid catalysis (sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or acidic ion exchangers.). The transesterification is facilitated because methanol and methyl acrylate form a low boiling azeotrope (boiling point 62–63 °C).
The patent literature describes a one-pot route involving vapor-phase oxidation of propene or 2-propenal with oxygen in the presence of methanol.
Other methods
Methyl acrylate can be prepared by debromination of methyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate with zinc. Methyl acrylate is formed in good yield on pyrolysis of methyl lactate in the presence of ethenone (ketene). Methyl lactate is a renewable "green chemical". Another patent describes the dehydration of methyl lactate over zeolites.
The nickel tetracarbonyl-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of acetylene with carbon monoxide in the presence of methanol also yields methyl acrylate. The reaction of methyl formate with acetylene in the presence of transition metal catalysts also leads to methyl acrylate. Both, the alcoholysis of propiolactone with methanol as well as the methanolysis of acrylonitrile via intermediately formed acrylamide sulfate are also proven but obsolete processes.
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Use
Methyl acrylate is after butyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate the third most important acrylic ester with a worldwide annual production of about 200,000 tons in 2007. Poly(methyl acrylate) is a tacky material near room temperature, and as such it is not particularly useful as a structural material. Commonly, methyl acrylate (and other acrylate esters) are copolymerized with other alkenes to give useful engineering plastics. A variety of vinyl monomers are used, including styrene and other acrylates. The resulting copolymers give acrylic paints that are harder and more brittle than those with the homologous acrylates. Copolymerizing methyl acrylate with acrylonitrile improves their melt processability to fibers, which could be used as precursors for carbon fibers. Methyl acrylate is the precursor to fibers that are woven to make carpets.
Amino derivatives
Methyl acrylate reacts catalysed by Lewis bases in a Michael addition with amines in high yields to β-alanine derivatives which provide amphoteric surfactants when long-chain amines are used and the ester function is hydrolysed subsequently.
Acrylates are also used in the preparation of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers typically by Michael addition with a primary amine.
Methyl acrylate is used for the preparation of 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate by transesterification with dimethylaminoethanol in significant quantities of over 50,000 tons / year.
Reactions
Methyl acrylate is a classic Michael acceptor, which means that it adds nucleophiles at its terminus. For example, in the presence of a base catalyst, it adds hydrogen sulfide to give the thioether:
- 2 CH2CHCO2CH3 + H2S → S(CH2CH2CO2CH3)2
It is also a good dienophile.
Safety
It is an acute toxin with an LD50 (rats, oral) of 300 mg/kg and a TLV of 10 ppm.