Northern Luzon languages
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Lawrence Reid (2018) divides the over thirty Northern Luzon languages into five branches: the Northeastern Luzon, Cagayan Valley and Meso-Cordilleran subgroups, further Ilokano and Arta as group-level isolate branches.
- Northern Luzon
- Ilocano
- Arta
- Dicamay Agta † (unclassified)
- Cagayan Valley
- Isnag
- Ibanagic
- Atta
- Ibanag
- Itawis
- Yogad
- Gaddang-Cagayan
- Central Cagayan Agta
- Gaddang
- Ga'dang
- Northeastern Luzon
- Dupaningan Agta
- (core)
- Dinapigue Agta
- Casiguran Agta, Nagtipunan Agta
- Pahanan Agta, Paranan
- Meso-Cordilleran
- Northern Alta
- Southern Alta
- South-Central Cordilleran
- Central Cordilleran
- Isinai
- North Central Cordilleran
- Kalinga-Itneg
- Itneg
- Kalinga
- Nuclear Cordilleran
- Ifugao
- Balangao
- Bontok-Kankanaey
- Bontok-Finallig
- Kankanaey
- Kalinga-Itneg
- Southern Cordilleran
- Bugkalot
- West Southern Cordilleran
- Pangasinan
- Nuclear Southern Cordilleran
- Ibaloi
- Iwaak
- Kallahan
- Karao
- Central Cordilleran
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Reconstruction
Phonology
Reid (2006) has reconstructed the Proto-Northern Luzon sound system as follows, with phonemic stress:
The sound inventory of Proto-Northern Luzon shows no innovations from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian that would set it apart from other Philippine languages. There are however two phonological innovations that characterize the Northern Luzon languages:
- Loss of final *ʔ (< *q)
- Metathesis of *s and *t, e.g. Proto-Northern Luzon *saŋit < Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋis 'weep', *Rasut < *Ratus 'hundred'.
Vocabulary
Lexical innovations only found in Northern Luzon languages include: *dutdut 'feather, body hair', *kəməl 'squeeze', *lətəg 'swell', *yəgyəg 'earthquake', *takdəg 'stand', *ʔubət 'buttocks'. Semantic shifts are observed e.g. in *ʔatəd 'give' (cf. Proto-Philippine *hatəd 'escort') and *laman 'wild pig' (cf. Proto-Philippine *laman 'flesh').