Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency

In a nutshell

A parliamentary republic with an executive presidency is a form of parliamentary republic in which the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature to which it is held accountable, but is characterized by a combined head of state–head of government office in the form of an executive president who carries out both functions. This is in contrast to conventional parliamentary systems (whether a monarchy or a republic) in which the executive is separate from the head of state, and a presidential system where the executive does not derive its legitimacy from the legislature. The president is typically elected by the legislature and must maintain its confidence to remain in office, for which purpose they may be required to hold a seat. This in contrast to more typical parliamentary systems, which do not feature an executive presidency and the president does not answer to parliament and is most commonly elected by popular vote, similarly to executive presidents in presidential systems.

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This method of presidential election is distinct from an assembly-independent republic, in which either the head of government (as in the Federated States of Micronesia) or the directorial executive (as in Switzerland) are elected by the legislature but are not accountable to it. It is also distinct from the semi-presidential system in which the president is separate from the government subject to parliamentary confidence but shares executive power.

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Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency

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