Polish Enigma double
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Through Invasion of Poland and Paris
First Polish double
The Polish Cipher Bureau realized that the Germans were using a new cipher. The Germans had mistakenly shipped a cipher machine to Poland; their attempts to recover the shipment raised the suspicions of Polish customs, and the Cipher Bureau learned that the Germans were using Enigma machines. The Bureau purchased a commercial Enigma and attempted, but failed, to break the cipher.
In December 1932 the Cipher Bureau tasked Marian Rejewski with reconstructing the Enigma machine. A French spy had obtained some material about the Enigma, and the French had provided the material to the Polish Cipher Bureau. By then, for the purposes of the German military, the original commercial Enigma had been equipped with a plugboard. Rejewski made rapid progress and was able to determine the wirings of the military Enigma. The Bureau modified its commercial Enigma rotors, reflector, and internal wiring to match the military Enigma's.
The Cipher Bureau's commercial Enigma did not have a plugboard, but the plugboard could be simulated by relabeling the keys and lamps. The result was the first Polish Enigma double.
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AVA-made doubles
In February 1933, the Polish Cipher Bureau ordered fifteen "doubles" of the military Enigma machine from the AVA Radio Manufacturing Company, in Warsaw. Ultimately, about seventy such functional replicas were produced.
Gift to Poland's Allies
In August 1939, following a tripartite meeting of Polish, French, and British cryptologists at Warsaw on 25–26 July 1939 – during which the Poles had explained all their Enigma-decryption methods and equipment – two Enigma replicas were passed to Poland's allies, one sent to Paris and one to London.
Earlier, German military Enigma traffic had totally defeated the French and British, and they had faced the prospect of being unable to read German communications during the coming war.
Polish doubles assembled in France
After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and key Polish Polish Cipher Bureau personnel had been evacuated to France, the Cipher Bureau resumed its interrupted work at PC Bruno outside Paris. The Poles had only three replica Enigmas to work with, two secretly taken out of Poland during the evacuation, and the one that had been sent to France after the July 1939 Warsaw conference, and these were wearing out from round-the-clock use.
French Army intelligence officer Gustave Bertrand ordered parts for forty machines from a French precision-mechanics firm. Manufacture proceeded sluggishly, however, and it was only after the fall of France and the opening of underground work in southern France's Free Zone in October 1940 that four machines were finally assembled.