Primary school · Lablypedia

The International Standard Classification of Education considers primary education as a single phase where programmes are typically designed to provide fundamental skills in reading, writing, and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning. This is ISCED Level 1: Primary education or first stage of basic education.

Terms

The phrase "primary school" is a calque from French école primaire, which was first used in a text of London Times in April 1802.

Primary schools

In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of compulsory education, and is normally available without charge, but may also be offered by fee-paying independent schools. The term grade school is sometimes used in the US, although both this term and elementary school may refer to the first eight grades, in other words both primary education and lower secondary education.

In the United Kingdom, "elementary education" was taught in "elementary schools" until 1944, when free elementary education was proposed for students over 11: there were to be primary elementary schools and secondary elementary schools; these became known as primary schools and secondary schools.

Primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom, Ireland and many Commonwealth nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Elementary school is the synonym but mainly used in the United States.

Elementary schools

Although often used as a synonym, "elementary school" has specific meanings in different locations.

Elementary schools, also known as board schools, were first established in England and Wales by Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 75). Most of these schools became primary schools in the late 1940s, following the historic compromise in the Education Act 1944.
Elementary schools in the United States were first promoted in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Today, there are currently approximately 92,858 elementary schools (68,173 public, 24,685 private). In the United States, elementary schools usually have six grades with pupils aged between 5 and 11 years old. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was designed to fund primary and secondary education. It also emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability.
Elementary schools in Japan were first established by 1875. In Japan, the age of pupils in elementary school ranges from 6 to 12, after which the pupils enter junior high school.

In other languages

Chinese

In Chinese-speaking world, the Chinese word xiǎo xué (simplified Chinese: 小学; traditional Chinese: 小學) is used. 國小 is a more common term in Taiwan.

In older texts it can mean linguistics including phonology, grammatology and semantics.

German

Grundschule (lit. 'ground/basic school') is the word in Germany. Primarschule is used in Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Volksschule is used in Austria and Switzerland.

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Levels of education

Comparison of cohorts

Within the English speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the children in the cohort:

"Equivalent ages"
Countries that base their education systems on the "English model" use one of two methods to identify the year group.
Countries that base their systems on the "American K–12 model" refer to their year groups as "grades".

Canada also follows the American model, although its names for year groups are given as a number after the grade: for instance, "Grade 1" in Canada, rather than "First Grade" in the United States. This terminology extends into the research literature.

In Canada, education is a provincial, not a federal responsibility. For example, the province of Ontario also had a "Grade 13", designed to help students enter the workforce or post-secondary education, but this was phased out in the year 2003.

Theoretical framework of primary school design

School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate:

Curriculum content
Teaching methods
Costs
Education within the political framework
Use of school building (also in the community setting)
Constraints imposed by the site
Design philosophy

Each country will have a different education system and priorities. Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the predicted roll of the school and the area needed.

According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 reception class or infant (Key Stage 1) students needs to be 62 m², or 55 m² for juniors (Key Stage 2). Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 210 place primary with attached 26-place nursery and two-storey 420 place (two form entry) primary school with attached 26 place nursery.

Building design specifications

The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of the students, the teachers, the non-teaching support staff, the administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids. An optimum school will meet the minimum conditions and will have:

adequately sized classrooms—where 60 m² is considered optimum but 80 m² for the reception class
specialised teaching spaces
a staff preparation room
staff welfare facilities
an administration block
multipurpose classrooms
student toilet facilities
a general purpose school hall
adequate equipment
storage
a library or library stocks that are regularly renewed
computer rooms or media centres
counselling, sick and medical examination rooms

Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for the 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced.

The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula for primary schools in 2014. It said the floor area should be 350 m² + 4.1 m²/pupil place. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m².

Governance and funding

There are several main ways of funding a school: by the state through general taxation, by a religious institution such as a mosque or church, by a charity, by contributions from parents, or by a combination of these methods. Day-to-day oversight of the school can be done through a board of governors, the funding institution, or the owner.

The United Kingdom allows elementary education to be delivered in church schools, whereas in France this is illegal as there is strict separation of church and state.

Accountability

This can be through informal assessment by the staff and governors such as in Finland, or by a state run testing regime such as Ofsted in the United Kingdom.