War of the Quadruple Alliance

Seeking to recover territories ceded under the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, Spanish troops landed on Sicily in July 1718. On 2 August, Austria, France, Britain and Savoy formed the Quadruple Alliance, and on 11 August, the Royal Navy defeated a Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro. Austrian land forces retook Sicily in October 1719, and the British sacked Vigo, which forced its leaders to seek peace terms. The Treaty of The Hague (1720) restored the position prior to 1717, with Savoy and Austria exchanging Sardinia and Sicily.

Background

Under the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, Spain ceded Sardinia to Austria and Sicily to Savoy. Their recovery was a priority for the French-born Philip V of Spain. The objective was reinforced by Chief Minister Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, who, like Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese, was a native of Parma.

The Peace of Utrecht specified Spain could never be unified with France or Austria, and under its terms, Philip gave up any future claim to the French throne. However, when a series of deaths in the French royal family between 1711 and 1712 made him the heir presumptive to the two-year-old Louis XV, Philip now cast doubts on the renunciation. Emperor Charles VI also refused to accept that principle and delayed the implementation of the Barrier Treaty in the newly-acquired Austrian Netherlands, an objective for which the Dutch Republic had effectively bankrupted itself. Concerned by those moves, Britain and France agreed the 1716 Anglo-French alliance to enforce the terms and formed the Triple Alliance with the Dutch in January 1717.

Its key principles were to ensure Charles and Philip reconfirmed the withdrawal of their claims to the thrones of Spain and France. In return, Savoy and Austria would exchange Sicily and Sardinia. Spain saw little benefit in that and decided to seize the opportunity to recover territorial losses agreed at Utrecht. As neither Savoy nor Austria possessed significant navies, the most obvious targets were the islands of Sardinia and Sicily, an ambition that aligned with the Italian dynastic claims of Elizabeth Farnese.

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War

Outbreak

In August 1717, Spanish forces landed on Sardinia and by November had re-established control of the island. They met little opposition since Austria was engaged in the 1716–1718 Austro-Turkish War, and France and the Netherlands needed peace to rebuild their shattered economies. Attempts to resolve the situation through diplomacy failed, and in June 1718, a British naval force arrived in the Western Mediterranean as a preventive measure. Emboldened by their success in Sardinia, in July 1718 the Spanish landed 30,000 men on Sicily but the strategic position had now changed. Austria signed the July 1718 Treaty of Passarowitz with the Ottoman Empire, and on 2 August, joined Britain, France, and the Dutch in the Quadruple Alliance, which gave its name to the war.

After taking Palermo on 7 July, part of the Spanish army under the Marquess of Lede besieged Messina, while the Duke of Montemar occupied the rest of the island. On 11 August, a British squadron commanded by Sir George Byng eliminated the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro. A small Austrian army was assembled in Naples by Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, and in early October landed near Messina to lift the siege. The Austrians were defeated in the First Battle of Milazzo on 15 October and held only a small bridgehead around Milazzo.

In 1718, Cardinal Alberoni began plotting to replace the Duc d'Orléans, regent to the 5-year-old King Louis XV of France, with Philip V. This plot became known as the Cellamare conspiracy. After the plot was discovered, Alberoni was expelled from France, which declared war on Spain. By 17 December 1718, the French, British, and Austrians had all officially entered the war against Spain. The Dutch would join them later, in August 1719.

San Sebastián

The Duc d'Orléans ordered a French army under the Duke of Berwick to invade the western Basque districts of Spain in April 1719, which were still under the shock of Philip V's military intervention against them. Berwick successfully besieged San Sebastián and also entered northern Catalonia. In both regions, there was support for the invaders from leading local figures, some of whom lobbied for them to be permanently annexed by France. Spain attempted to counter that by launching its own expedition to Brittany in the hope of raising a rebellion against the Regent of France. It consisted of a 1,000 troops but carried arms for 10,000 more. However, after landing at Vannes they found little support amongst the inhabitants and withdrew.

Sicily

In Sicily, the Austrians started a new offensive under Count Claude Florimond de Mercy. They first suffered a defeat in the Battle of Francavilla (20 June 1719). However, the Spanish were cut off from their homeland by the British fleet, and it was just a matter of time before their resistance would crumble. Mercy was then victorious in the second Battle of Milazzo, took Messina in October and besieged Palermo.

Invasion of Britain

In early 1719 the Irish exile, the Duke of Ormonde, organised an expedition with extensive Spanish support to invade Britain and replace King George I with James Stuart, the Jacobite "Old Pretender". However, his fleet was dispersed by a storm near Galicia in March 1719, and never reached Britain. A small force of 300 Spanish marines under George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal did land near Eilean Donan, but they and the Highlanders who supported them were defeated at the Battle of Eilean Donan in May 1719 and the Battle of Glen Shiel a month later, and the hopes of an uprising soon fizzled out.

Vigo

In retaliation for this attack, the British government prepared to launch a raid on the Spanish coast. An expedition was assembled at Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight under the command of Lord Cobham and George Wade. They successfully captured Vigo and marched inland seizing the towns of Redondela and Pontevedra in October 1719. This caused some shock to the Spanish authorities, as they realised how vulnerable they were to Allied amphibious attacks, with the potential to open up a new front away from the French frontier.

North America

The French captured the Spanish settlement of Pensacola in Florida in May 1719, pre-empting a Spanish attack on South Carolina. Spanish forces retook the town in August 1719, but it fell to the French again towards the end of the year, who destroyed the town before withdrawing.

By 1719, Spanish presence through New Spain had extended up into Los Adaes, near the French installation at Natchitoches. A French attack on Los Adaes found only two Spanish present at the site. Meanwhile, a hundred French troops had been dispatched from Mobile to attack Spanish Texas. All Spanish missions north of San Antonio were evacuated and abandoned.

In February 1720, a 1,200 strong Spanish force set out from Cuba to take the British settlement of Nassau in the Bahamas. After taking a large amount of plunder they were eventually driven off by the local militia.

Peace

Displeased with his kingdom's military performance, Philip dismissed Alberoni in December 1719, and made peace with the allies with the Treaty of The Hague on 17 February 1720.

In the treaty, Philip was forced to relinquish all territory captured in the war. However, Charles III's (his third surviving son) right to the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza after the death of Elisabeth's childless uncle, Antonio Farnese, was recognised.

France returned Pensacola and the remaining conquests in the north of Spain in exchange for commercial benefits. The terms of the treaty included that Victor Amadeus II was forced to exchange Sicily for that of the less important Kingdom of Sardinia.

Legacy

The war provided a unique example during the eighteenth century in which Britain and France were on the same side. It came during a period between 1716 and 1731, when the two countries were allies. Spain would later join with France in the Bourbon Compact, and the two would become enemies of the British once more. Spain later regained the Kingdom of Naples during the 1733 to 1735 War of the Polish Succession.