Xiaolin Wu's line algorithm
Line algorithm with antialiasing
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Through Algorithm, Integer and Pseudocode
Antialiasing technique
Xiaolin Wu's line algorithm was presented in the article "An Efficient Antialiasing Technique" in the July 1991 issue of Computer Graphics, as well as in the article "Fast Antialiasing" in the June 1992 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal.
Bresenham's algorithm draws lines extremely quickly, but it does not perform anti-aliasing. In addition, it cannot handle any cases where the line endpoints do not lie exactly on integer points of the pixel grid. A naive approach to anti-aliasing the line would take an extremely long time. Wu's algorithm is comparatively fast, but is still slower than Bresenham's algorithm. The algorithm consists of drawing pairs of pixels straddling the line, each coloured according to its distance from the line. Pixels at the line ends are handled separately. Lines less than one pixel long are handled as a special case.
An extension to the algorithm for circle drawing was presented by Xiaolin Wu in the book Graphics Gems II. Just as the line drawing algorithm is a replacement for Bresenham's line drawing algorithm, the circle drawing algorithm is a replacement for Bresenham's circle drawing algorithm.
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Algorithm
Like Bresenham’s line algorithm, this method steps along one axis and considers the two nearest pixels to the ideal line. Instead of choosing the nearest, it draws both, with intensities proportional to their vertical distance from the true line. This produces smoother, anti-aliased lines.
The pseudocode below assumes a line where , , and the slope satisfies . This is a standard simplification — the algorithm can be extended to all directions using symmetry.
The algorithm is well-suited to older CPUs and microcontrollers because:
- It avoids floating point arithmetic in the main loop (only used to initialize d)
- It renders symmetrically from both ends, halving the number of iterations
- The main loop uses only addition and bit shifts — no multiplication or division
<span id="mwMQ"></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1" id="mwMg"></span><span class="k" id="mwMw">def</span><span class="w" id="mwNA"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwNQ">draw_line</span><span class="p" id="mwNg">(</span><span class="n" id="mwNw">x0</span><span class="p" id="mwOA">,</span> <span class="n" id="mwOQ">y0</span><span class="p" id="mwOg">,</span> <span class="n" id="mwOw">x1</span><span class="p" id="mwPA">,</span> <span class="n" id="mwPQ">y1</span><span class="p" id="mwPg">):</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2" id="mwPw"></span> <span class="n" id="mwQA">N</span> <span class="o" id="mwQQ">:=</span> <span class="mi" id="mwQg">8</span> <span class="c1" id="mwQw"># brightness resolution (bits)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3" id="mwRA"></span> <span class="n" id="mwRQ">M</span> <span class="o" id="mwRg">:=</span> <span class="mi" id="mwRw">15</span> <span class="c1" id="mwSA"># fixed-point fractional bits</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4" id="mwSQ"></span> <span class="n" id="mwSg">I</span> <span class="o" id="mwSw">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwTA">maximum</span> <span class="n" id="mwTQ">brightness</span> <span class="n" id="mwTg">value</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5" id="mwTw"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6" id="mwUA"></span> <span class="c1" id="mwUQ"># Compute gradient and convert to fixed-point step</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="7" id="mwUg"></span> <span class="n" id="mwUw">k</span> <span class="o" id="mwVA">:=</span> <span class="nb" id="mwVQ">float</span><span class="p" id="mwVg">(</span><span class="n" id="mwVw">y1</span> <span class="o" id="mwWA">-</span> <span class="n" id="mwWQ">y0</span><span class="p" id="mwWg">)</span> <span class="o" id="mwWw">/</span> <span class="p" id="mwXA">(</span><span class="n" id="mwXQ">x1</span> <span class="o" id="mwXg">-</span> <span class="n" id="mwXw">x0</span><span class="p" id="mwYA">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="8" id="mwYQ"></span> <span class="n" id="mwYg">d</span> <span class="o" id="mwYw">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwZA">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwZQ">((</span><span class="n" id="mwZg">k</span> <span class="o" id="mwZw"><<</span> <span class="n" id="mwaA">M</span><span class="p" id="mwaQ">)</span> <span class="o" id="mwag">+</span> <span class="mf" id="mwaw">0.5</span><span class="p" id="mwbA">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="9" id="mwbQ"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="10" id="mwbg"></span> <span class="c1" id="mwbw"># Start with fully covered pixels at each end</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="11" id="mwcA"></span> <span class="n" id="mwcQ">img</span><span class="p" id="mwcg">[</span><span class="n" id="mwcw">x0</span><span class="p" id="mwdA">,</span> <span class="n" id="mwdQ">y0</span><span class="p" id="mwdg">]</span> <span class="o" id="mwdw">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mweA">img</span><span class="p" id="mweQ">[</span><span class="n" id="mweg">x1</span><span class="p" id="mwew">,</span> <span class="n" id="mwfA">y1</span><span class="p" id="mwfQ">]</span> <span class="o" id="mwfg">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwfw">I</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="12" id="mwgA"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="13" id="mwgQ"></span> <span class="n" id="mwgg">D</span> <span class="o" id="mwgw">:=</span> <span class="mi" id="mwhA">0</span> <span class="c1" id="mwhQ"># Fixed-point accumulator</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="14" id="mwhg"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="15" id="mwhw"></span> <span class="k" id="mwiA">while</span> <span class="n" id="mwiQ">true</span><span class="p" id="mwig">:</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="16" id="mwiw"></span> <span class="n" id="mwjA">x0</span> <span class="o" id="mwjQ">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwjg">x0</span> <span class="o" id="mwjw">+</span> <span class="mi" id="mwkA">1</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="17" id="mwkQ"></span> <span class="n" id="mwkg">x1</span> <span class="o" id="mwkw">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwlA">x1</span> <span class="o" id="mwlQ">-</span> <span class="mi" id="mwlg">1</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="18" id="mwlw"></span> <span class="k" id="mwmA">if</span> <span class="n" id="mwmQ">x0</span> <span class="o" id="mwmg">></span> <span class="n" id="mwmw">x1</span><span class="p" id="mwnA">:</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="19" id="mwnQ"></span> <span class="k" id="mwng">break</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="20" id="mwnw"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="21" id="mwoA"></span> <span class="n" id="mwoQ">D</span> <span class="o" id="mwog">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwow">D</span> <span class="o" id="mwpA">+</span> <span class="n" id="mwpQ">d</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="22" id="mwpg"></span> <span class="k" id="mwpw">if</span> <span class="n" id="mwqA">D</span> <span class="n" id="mwqQ">overflows</span><span class="p" id="mwqg">:</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="23" id="mwqw"></span> <span class="n" id="mwrA">y0</span> <span class="o" id="mwrQ">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwrg">y0</span> <span class="o" id="mwrw">+</span> <span class="mi" id="mwsA">1</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="24" id="mwsQ"></span> <span class="n" id="mwsg">y1</span> <span class="o" id="mwsw">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwtA">y1</span> <span class="o" id="mwtQ">-</span> <span class="mi" id="mwtg">1</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="25" id="mwtw"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="26" id="mwuA"></span> <span class="c1" id="mwuQ"># Brightness = upper N bits of fractional part of D</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="27" id="mwug"></span> <span class="n" id="mwuw">v</span> <span class="o" id="mwvA">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwvQ">D</span> <span class="o" id="mwvg">>></span> <span class="p" id="mwvw">(</span><span class="n" id="mwwA">M</span> <span class="o" id="mwwQ">-</span> <span class="n" id="mwwg">N</span><span class="p" id="mwww">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="28" id="mwxA"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="29" id="mwxQ"></span> <span class="n" id="mwxg">img</span><span class="p" id="mwxw">[</span><span class="n" id="mwyA">x0</span><span class="p" id="mwyQ">,</span> <span class="n" id="mwyg">y0</span><span class="p" id="mwyw">]</span> <span class="o" id="mwzA">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mwzQ">img</span><span class="p" id="mwzg">[</span><span class="n" id="mwzw">x1</span><span class="p" id="mw0A">,</span> <span class="n" id="mw0Q">y1</span><span class="p" id="mw0g">]</span> <span class="o" id="mw0w">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mw1A">I</span> <span class="o" id="mw1Q">-</span> <span class="n" id="mw1g">v</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="30" id="mw1w"></span> <span class="n" id="mw2A">img</span><span class="p" id="mw2Q">[</span><span class="n" id="mw2g">x0</span><span class="p" id="mw2w">,</span> <span class="n" id="mw3A">y0</span> <span class="o" id="mw3Q">+</span> <span class="mi" id="mw3g">1</span><span class="p" id="mw3w">]</span> <span class="o" id="mw4A">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mw4Q">img</span><span class="p" id="mw4g">[</span><span class="n" id="mw4w">x1</span><span class="p" id="mw5A">,</span> <span class="n" id="mw5Q">y1</span> <span class="o" id="mw5g">-</span><span class="mi" id="mw5w">1</span><span class="p" id="mw6A">]</span> <span class="o" id="mw6Q">:=</span> <span class="n" id="mw6g">v</span>
Floating Point Implementation
<span id="mw7g"></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1" id="mw7w"></span><span class="k" id="mw8A">function</span><span class="w" id="mw8Q"> </span><span class="nf" id="mw8g">plot</span><span class="p" id="mw8w">(</span><span class="n" id="mw9A">x</span><span class="o" id="mw9Q">,</span><span class="w" id="mw9g"> </span><span class="n" id="mw9w">y</span><span class="o" id="mw-A">,</span><span class="w" id="mw-Q"> </span><span class="n" id="mw-g">c</span><span class="p" id="mw-w">)</span><span class="w" id="mw_A"> </span><span class="k" id="mw_Q">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2" id="mw_g"></span><span class="w" id="mw_w"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAQA">plot</span><span class="w" id="mwAQE"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAQI">the</span><span class="w" id="mwAQM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAQQ">pixel</span><span class="w" id="mwAQU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAQY">at</span><span class="w" id="mwAQc"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAQg">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAQk">x</span><span class="o" id="mwAQo">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAQs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAQw">y</span><span class="p" id="mwAQ0">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAQ4"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAQ8">with</span><span class="w" id="mwARA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwARE">brightness</span><span class="w" id="mwARI"> </span><span class="n" id="mwARM">c</span><span class="w" id="mwARQ"> </span><span class="p" id="mwARU">(</span><span class="n" id="mwARY">where</span><span class="w" id="mwARc"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwARg">0</span><span class="w" id="mwARk"> </span><span class="err" id="mwARo">≤</span><span class="w" id="mwARs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwARw">c</span><span class="w" id="mwAR0"> </span><span class="err" id="mwAR4">≤</span><span class="w" id="mwAR8"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwASA">1</span><span class="p" id="mwASE">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3" id="mwASI"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4" id="mwASM"></span><span class="c1" id="mwASQ">// fractional part of x</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5" id="mwASU"></span><span class="k" id="mwASY">function</span><span class="w" id="mwASc"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwASg">fpart</span><span class="p" id="mwASk">(</span><span class="n" id="mwASo">x</span><span class="p" id="mwASs">)</span><span class="w" id="mwASw"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAS0">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6" id="mwAS4"></span><span class="w" id="mwAS8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwATA">return</span><span class="w" id="mwATE"> </span><span class="n" id="mwATI">x</span><span class="w" id="mwATM"> </span><span class="o" id="mwATQ">-</span><span class="w" id="mwATU"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwATY">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwATc">(</span><span class="n" id="mwATg">x</span><span class="p" id="mwATk">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="7" id="mwATo"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="8" id="mwATs"></span><span class="k" id="mwATw">function</span><span class="w" id="mwAT0"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAT4">rfpart</span><span class="p" id="mwAT8">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAUA">x</span><span class="p" id="mwAUE">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAUI"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAUM">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="9" id="mwAUQ"></span><span class="w" id="mwAUU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAUY">return</span><span class="w" id="mwAUc"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAUg">1</span><span class="w" id="mwAUk"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAUo">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAUs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAUw">fpart</span><span class="p" id="mwAU0">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAU4">x</span><span class="p" id="mwAU8">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="10" id="mwAVA"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="11" id="mwAVE"></span><span class="k" id="mwAVI">function</span><span class="w" id="mwAVM"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAVQ">drawLine</span><span class="p" id="mwAVU">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAVY">x0</span><span class="o" id="mwAVc">,</span><span class="n" id="mwAVg">y0</span><span class="o" id="mwAVk">,</span><span class="n" id="mwAVo">x1</span><span class="o" id="mwAVs">,</span><span class="n" id="mwAVw">y1</span><span class="p" id="mwAV0">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAV4"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAV8">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="12" id="mwAWA"></span><span class="w" id="mwAWE"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwAWI">boolean</span><span class="w" id="mwAWM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAWQ">steep</span><span class="w" id="mwAWU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAWY">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAWc"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAWg">abs</span><span class="p" id="mwAWk">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAWo">y1</span><span class="w" id="mwAWs"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAWw">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAW0"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAW4">y0</span><span class="p" id="mwAW8">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAXA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAXE">></span><span class="w" id="mwAXI"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAXM">abs</span><span class="p" id="mwAXQ">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAXU">x1</span><span class="w" id="mwAXY"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAXc">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAXg"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAXk">x0</span><span class="p" id="mwAXo">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="13" id="mwAXs"></span><span class="w" id="mwAXw"> </span> <span class="linenos" data-line="14" id="mwAX0"></span><span class="w" id="mwAX4"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAX8">if</span><span class="w" id="mwAYA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAYE">steep</span><span class="w" id="mwAYI"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAYM">then</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="15" id="mwAYQ"></span><span class="w" id="mwAYU"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAYY">swap</span><span class="p" id="mwAYc">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAYg">x0</span><span class="o" id="mwAYk">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAYo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAYs">y0</span><span class="p" id="mwAYw">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="16" id="mwAY0"></span><span class="w" id="mwAY4"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAY8">swap</span><span class="p" id="mwAZA">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAZE">x1</span><span class="o" id="mwAZI">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAZM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAZQ">y1</span><span class="p" id="mwAZU">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="17" id="mwAZY"></span><span class="w" id="mwAZc"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAZg">end</span><span class="w" id="mwAZk"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAZo">if</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="18" id="mwAZs"></span><span class="w" id="mwAZw"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAZ0">if</span><span class="w" id="mwAZ4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAZ8">x0</span><span class="w" id="mwAaA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAaE">></span><span class="w" id="mwAaI"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAaM">x1</span><span class="w" id="mwAaQ"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAaU">then</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="19" id="mwAaY"></span><span class="w" id="mwAac"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAag">swap</span><span class="p" id="mwAak">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAao">x0</span><span class="o" id="mwAas">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAaw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAa0">x1</span><span class="p" id="mwAa4">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="20" id="mwAa8"></span><span class="w" id="mwAbA"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAbE">swap</span><span class="p" id="mwAbI">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAbM">y0</span><span class="o" id="mwAbQ">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAbU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAbY">y1</span><span class="p" id="mwAbc">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="21" id="mwAbg"></span><span class="w" id="mwAbk"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAbo">end</span><span class="w" id="mwAbs"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAbw">if</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="22" id="mwAb0"></span><span class="w" id="mwAb4"> </span> <span class="linenos" data-line="23" id="mwAb8"></span><span class="w" id="mwAcA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAcE">dx</span><span class="w" id="mwAcI"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAcM">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAcQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAcU">x1</span><span class="w" id="mwAcY"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAcc">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAcg"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAck">x0</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="24" id="mwAco"></span><span class="w" id="mwAcs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAcw">dy</span><span class="w" id="mwAc0"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAc4">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAc8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAdA">y1</span><span class="w" id="mwAdE"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAdI">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAdM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAdQ">y0</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="25" id="mwAdU"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="26" id="mwAdY"></span><span class="w" id="mwAdc"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAdg">if</span><span class="w" id="mwAdk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAdo">dx</span><span class="w" id="mwAds"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAdw">==</span><span class="w" id="mwAd0"> </span><span class="mf" id="mwAd4">0.0</span><span class="w" id="mwAd8"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAeA">then</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="27" id="mwAeE"></span><span class="w" id="mwAeI"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAeM">gradient</span><span class="w" id="mwAeQ"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAeU">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAeY"> </span><span class="mf" id="mwAec">1.0</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="28" id="mwAeg"></span><span class="w" id="mwAek"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAeo">else</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="29" id="mwAes"></span><span class="w" id="mwAew"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAe0">gradient</span><span class="w" id="mwAe4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAe8">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAfA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAfE">dy</span><span class="w" id="mwAfI"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAfM">/</span><span class="w" id="mwAfQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAfU">dx</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="30" id="mwAfY"></span><span class="w" id="mwAfc"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAfg">end</span><span class="w" id="mwAfk"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAfo">if</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="31" id="mwAfs"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="32" id="mwAfw"></span><span class="w" id="mwAf0"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwAf4">// handle first endpoint</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="33" id="mwAf8"></span><span class="w" id="mwAgA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAgE">xend</span><span class="w" id="mwAgI"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAgM">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAgQ"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAgU">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwAgY">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAgc">x0</span><span class="p" id="mwAgg">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="34" id="mwAgk"></span><span class="w" id="mwAgo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAgs">yend</span><span class="w" id="mwAgw"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAg0">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAg4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAg8">y0</span><span class="w" id="mwAhA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAhE">+</span><span class="w" id="mwAhI"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAhM">gradient</span><span class="w" id="mwAhQ"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAhU">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAhY"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAhc">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAhg">xend</span><span class="w" id="mwAhk"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAho">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAhs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAhw">x0</span><span class="p" id="mwAh0">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="35" id="mwAh4"></span><span class="w" id="mwAh8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAiA">xgap</span><span class="w" id="mwAiE"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAiI">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAiM"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAiQ">1</span><span class="w" id="mwAiU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAiY">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAic"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAig">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAik">x0</span><span class="w" id="mwAio"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAis">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAiw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAi0">xend</span><span class="p" id="mwAi4">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="36" id="mwAi8"></span><span class="w" id="mwAjA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAjE">xpxl1</span><span class="w" id="mwAjI"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAjM">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAjQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAjU">xend</span><span class="w" id="mwAjY"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwAjc">// this will be used in the main loop</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="37" id="mwAjg"></span><span class="w" id="mwAjk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAjo">ypxl1</span><span class="w" id="mwAjs"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAjw">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAj0"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAj4">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwAj8">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAkA">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwAkE">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="38" id="mwAkI"></span><span class="w" id="mwAkM"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAkQ">if</span><span class="w" id="mwAkU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAkY">steep</span><span class="w" id="mwAkc"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAkg">then</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="39" id="mwAkk"></span><span class="w" id="mwAko"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAks">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwAkw">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAk0">ypxl1</span><span class="o" id="mwAk4">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAk8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAlA">xpxl1</span><span class="o" id="mwAlE">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAlI"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAlM">rfpart</span><span class="p" id="mwAlQ">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAlU">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwAlY">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAlc"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAlg">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAlk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAlo">xgap</span><span class="p" id="mwAls">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="40" id="mwAlw"></span><span class="w" id="mwAl0"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAl4">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwAl8">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAmA">ypxl1</span><span class="o" id="mwAmE">+</span><span class="mi" id="mwAmI">1</span><span class="o" id="mwAmM">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAmQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAmU">xpxl1</span><span class="o" id="mwAmY">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAmc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAmg">fpart</span><span class="p" id="mwAmk">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAmo">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwAms">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAmw"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAm0">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAm4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAm8">xgap</span><span class="p" id="mwAnA">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="41" id="mwAnE"></span><span class="w" id="mwAnI"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAnM">else</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="42" id="mwAnQ"></span><span class="w" id="mwAnU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAnY">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwAnc">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAng">xpxl1</span><span class="o" id="mwAnk">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAno"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAns">ypxl1</span><span class="w" id="mwAnw"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAn0">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAn4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAn8">rfpart</span><span class="p" id="mwAoA">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAoE">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwAoI">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAoM"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAoQ">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAoU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAoY">xgap</span><span class="p" id="mwAoc">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="43" id="mwAog"></span><span class="w" id="mwAok"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAoo">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwAos">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAow">xpxl1</span><span class="o" id="mwAo0">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAo4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAo8">ypxl1</span><span class="o" id="mwApA">+</span><span class="mi" id="mwApE">1</span><span class="o" id="mwApI">,</span><span class="w" id="mwApM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwApQ">fpart</span><span class="p" id="mwApU">(</span><span class="n" id="mwApY">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwApc">)</span><span class="w" id="mwApg"> </span><span class="o" id="mwApk">*</span><span class="w" id="mwApo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAps">xgap</span><span class="p" id="mwApw">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="44" id="mwAp0"></span><span class="w" id="mwAp4"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAp8">end</span><span class="w" id="mwAqA"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAqE">if</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="45" id="mwAqI"></span><span class="w" id="mwAqM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAqQ">intery</span><span class="w" id="mwAqU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAqY">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAqc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAqg">yend</span><span class="w" id="mwAqk"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAqo">+</span><span class="w" id="mwAqs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAqw">gradient</span><span class="w" id="mwAq0"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwAq4">// first y-intersection for the main loop</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="46" id="mwAq8"></span><span class="w" id="mwArA"> </span> <span class="linenos" data-line="47" id="mwArE"></span><span class="w" id="mwArI"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwArM">// handle second endpoint</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="48" id="mwArQ"></span><span class="w" id="mwArU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwArY">xend</span><span class="w" id="mwArc"> </span><span class="o" id="mwArg">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwArk"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAro">ceil</span><span class="p" id="mwArs">(</span><span class="n" id="mwArw">x1</span><span class="p" id="mwAr0">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="49" id="mwAr4"></span><span class="w" id="mwAr8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAsA">yend</span><span class="w" id="mwAsE"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAsI">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAsM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAsQ">y1</span><span class="w" id="mwAsU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAsY">+</span><span class="w" id="mwAsc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAsg">gradient</span><span class="w" id="mwAsk"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAso">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAss"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAsw">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAs0">xend</span><span class="w" id="mwAs4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAs8">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAtA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAtE">x1</span><span class="p" id="mwAtI">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="50" id="mwAtM"></span><span class="w" id="mwAtQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAtU">xgap</span><span class="w" id="mwAtY"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAtc">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAtg"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAtk">1</span><span class="w" id="mwAto"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAts">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAtw"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAt0">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAt4">xend</span><span class="w" id="mwAt8"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAuA">-</span><span class="w" id="mwAuE"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAuI">x1</span><span class="p" id="mwAuM">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="51" id="mwAuQ"></span><span class="w" id="mwAuU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAuY">xpxl2</span><span class="w" id="mwAuc"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAug">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAuk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAuo">xend</span><span class="w" id="mwAus"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwAuw">//this will be used in the main loop</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="52" id="mwAu0"></span><span class="w" id="mwAu4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAu8">ypxl2</span><span class="w" id="mwAvA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAvE">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwAvI"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwAvM">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwAvQ">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAvU">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwAvY">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="53" id="mwAvc"></span><span class="w" id="mwAvg"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAvk">if</span><span class="w" id="mwAvo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAvs">steep</span><span class="w" id="mwAvw"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAv0">then</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="54" id="mwAv4"></span><span class="w" id="mwAv8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAwA">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwAwE">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAwI">ypxl2</span><span class="w" id="mwAwM"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAwQ">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAwU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAwY">xpxl2</span><span class="o" id="mwAwc">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAwg"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAwk">rfpart</span><span class="p" id="mwAwo">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAws">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwAww">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAw0"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAw4">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAw8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAxA">xgap</span><span class="p" id="mwAxE">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="55" id="mwAxI"></span><span class="w" id="mwAxM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAxQ">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwAxU">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAxY">ypxl2</span><span class="o" id="mwAxc">+</span><span class="mi" id="mwAxg">1</span><span class="o" id="mwAxk">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAxo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAxs">xpxl2</span><span class="o" id="mwAxw">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAx0"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAx4">fpart</span><span class="p" id="mwAx8">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAyA">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwAyE">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAyI"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAyM">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAyQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAyU">xgap</span><span class="p" id="mwAyY">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="56" id="mwAyc"></span><span class="w" id="mwAyg"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAyk">else</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="57" id="mwAyo"></span><span class="w" id="mwAys"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAyw">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwAy0">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAy4">xpxl2</span><span class="o" id="mwAy8">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAzA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAzE">ypxl2</span><span class="o" id="mwAzI">,</span><span class="w" id="mwAzM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAzQ">rfpart</span><span class="p" id="mwAzU">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAzY">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwAzc">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAzg"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAzk">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAzo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAzs">xgap</span><span class="p" id="mwAzw">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="58" id="mwAz0"></span><span class="w" id="mwAz4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAz8">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwA0A">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA0E">xpxl2</span><span class="o" id="mwA0I">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA0M"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA0Q">ypxl2</span><span class="o" id="mwA0U">+</span><span class="mi" id="mwA0Y">1</span><span class="o" id="mwA0c">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA0g"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA0k">fpart</span><span class="p" id="mwA0o">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA0s">yend</span><span class="p" id="mwA0w">)</span><span class="w" id="mwA00"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA04">*</span><span class="w" id="mwA08"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA1A">xgap</span><span class="p" id="mwA1E">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="59" id="mwA1I"></span><span class="w" id="mwA1M"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA1Q">end</span><span class="w" id="mwA1U"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA1Y">if</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="60" id="mwA1c"></span><span class="w" id="mwA1g"> </span> <span class="linenos" data-line="61" id="mwA1k"></span><span class="w" id="mwA1o"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwA1s">// main loop</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="62" id="mwA1w"></span><span class="w" id="mwA10"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA14">if</span><span class="w" id="mwA18"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA2A">steep</span><span class="w" id="mwA2E"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA2I">then</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="63" id="mwA2M"></span><span class="w" id="mwA2Q"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA2U">for</span><span class="w" id="mwA2Y"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA2c">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA2g"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA2k">from</span><span class="w" id="mwA2o"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA2s">xpxl1</span><span class="w" id="mwA2w"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA20">+</span><span class="w" id="mwA24"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA28">1</span><span class="w" id="mwA3A"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA3E">to</span><span class="w" id="mwA3I"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA3M">xpxl2</span><span class="w" id="mwA3Q"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA3U">-</span><span class="w" id="mwA3Y"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA3c">1</span><span class="w" id="mwA3g"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA3k">do</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="64" id="mwA3o"></span><span class="w" id="mwA3s"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA3w">begin</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="65" id="mwA30"></span><span class="w" id="mwA34"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA38">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwA4A">(</span><span class="nb" id="mwA4E">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwA4I">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA4M">intery</span><span class="p" id="mwA4Q">)</span><span class="w" id="mwA4U"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA4Y">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA4c"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA4g">x</span><span class="o" id="mwA4k">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA4o"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA4s">rfpart</span><span class="p" id="mwA4w">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA40">intery</span><span class="p" id="mwA44">))</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="66" id="mwA48"></span><span class="w" id="mwA5A"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA5E">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwA5I">(</span><span class="nb" id="mwA5M">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwA5Q">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA5U">intery</span><span class="p" id="mwA5Y">)</span><span class="o" id="mwA5c">+</span><span class="mi" id="mwA5g">1</span><span class="o" id="mwA5k">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA5o"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA5s">x</span><span class="o" id="mwA5w">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA50"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA54">fpart</span><span class="p" id="mwA58">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA6A">intery</span><span class="p" id="mwA6E">))</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="67" id="mwA6I"></span><span class="w" id="mwA6M"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA6Q">intery</span><span class="w" id="mwA6U"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA6Y">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwA6c"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA6g">intery</span><span class="w" id="mwA6k"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA6o">+</span><span class="w" id="mwA6s"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA6w">gradient</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="68" id="mwA60"></span><span class="w" id="mwA64"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA68">end</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="69" id="mwA7A"></span><span class="w" id="mwA7E"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA7I">else</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="70" id="mwA7M"></span><span class="w" id="mwA7Q"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA7U">for</span><span class="w" id="mwA7Y"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA7c">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA7g"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA7k">from</span><span class="w" id="mwA7o"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA7s">xpxl1</span><span class="w" id="mwA7w"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA70">+</span><span class="w" id="mwA74"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA78">1</span><span class="w" id="mwA8A"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA8E">to</span><span class="w" id="mwA8I"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA8M">xpxl2</span><span class="w" id="mwA8Q"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA8U">-</span><span class="w" id="mwA8Y"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA8c">1</span><span class="w" id="mwA8g"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA8k">do</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="71" id="mwA8o"></span><span class="w" id="mwA8s"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA8w">begin</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="72" id="mwA80"></span><span class="w" id="mwA84"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA88">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwA9A">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA9E">x</span><span class="o" id="mwA9I">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA9M"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwA9Q">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwA9U">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA9Y">intery</span><span class="p" id="mwA9c">)</span><span class="o" id="mwA9g">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA9k"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA9o">rfpart</span><span class="p" id="mwA9s">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA9w">intery</span><span class="p" id="mwA90">))</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="73" id="mwA94"></span><span class="w" id="mwA98"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA-A">plot</span><span class="p" id="mwA-E">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA-I">x</span><span class="o" id="mwA-M">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA-Q"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwA-U">floor</span><span class="p" id="mwA-Y">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA-c">intery</span><span class="p" id="mwA-g">)</span><span class="o" id="mwA-k">+</span><span class="mi" id="mwA-o">1</span><span class="o" id="mwA-s">,</span><span class="w" id="mwA-w"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA-0">fpart</span><span class="p" id="mwA-4">(</span><span class="n" id="mwA-8">intery</span><span class="p" id="mwA_A">))</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="74" id="mwA_E"></span><span class="w" id="mwA_I"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA_M">intery</span><span class="w" id="mwA_Q"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA_U">:=</span><span class="w" id="mwA_Y"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA_c">intery</span><span class="w" id="mwA_g"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA_k">+</span><span class="w" id="mwA_o"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA_s">gradient</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="75" id="mwA_w"></span><span class="w" id="mwA_0"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA_4">end</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="76" id="mwA_8"></span><span class="w" id="mwBAA"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBAE">end</span><span class="w" id="mwBAI"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBAM">if</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="77" id="mwBAQ"></span><span class="k" id="mwBAU">end</span><span class="w" id="mwBAY"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBAc">function</span>

