Zhang Chunqiao

People's Republic of China

With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, Zhang became a prominent Shanghai journalist, put in charge of the newspaper Jiefang Daily. Here, he met Jiang Qing.

As a cultural journalist in Shanghai, Zhang warned against the risk of sugarcoated bullets to newly-victorious Communist revolutionaries. He wrote that while "enemies with guns" can be perceived at a moment's glance," the "fragrant breezes" of sugarcoated bullets required longer term vigilance. Zhang wrote that revolutionaries must not neglect small affairs like "handing over a lost penny, using a wash basin for eight years, and wearing clothes that have been patched up thirty-eight times."

Zhang first came to prominence as the result of his October 1958 article in Jiefang Daily entitled "Destroy the Ideology of Bourgeois Right". Mao Zedong took notice of the article, and ordered it to be reprinted in People's Daily, along with an accompanying "Editor's Note" expressing his mild approval. In the article, Zhang praised the Red Army's egalitarian focus in the 1930s, including its communist mutual relations not just internally but with the masses. According to Zhang, "When comrades lived used to live under the supply system they did not envy wage labor, and people liked this kind of expression of a living institution of relations of equality. Before long, however, this kind of system was attacked by the ideology of bourgeois right. The core of the ideology of the bourgeois right is the wage system."

Zhang was a major proponent of amateurs creating artistic and literary works. As part of his effort to promote amateur works, in 1958 he cut the payments to writers by 50% for all publications controlled by his department. This initiative was later imitated at the national leve.

Zhang was seen as one of Mao's firmest supporters as the chairman engaged in an ideological struggle within party leadership with rival revolutionary Liu Shaoqi.

Cultural Revolution

Zhang spent much of the Cultural Revolution shuttling between Beijing and Shanghai. He arrived in Shanghai in November 1966 at representing the Cultural Revolution Group in their push to stop Cao Diqiu from dispersing workers in Anting. He signed the "Five-Point Petition of Workers", and in February 1967 organized the Shanghai People's Commune with Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan, essentially overthrowing the city government and local party structure, becoming chairman of the city's Revolutionary Committee, a title that essentially combined the former posts of mayor and party secretary. This structure would persist until the latter post was restored in 1971.

In April 1969, he joined the Politburo.

In 1971, Zhang contended that there should be a modest decentralization in the supervision of the arts.

In 1973 he was promoted to the Politburo Standing Committee therein. In January 1975, Zhang became the second-ranked Vice Premier, and penned "On Exercising All-Round Dictatorship Over the Bourgeoisie" to promote the theoretical study of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Deng Xiaoping was the first-ranked Vice Premier at the time, but was out of the office by 1976. After the death of Zhou Enlai in January 1976, Zhang Chunqiao competed for the position of Premier with his political opponent Deng Xiaoping. However, Mao did not choose either of them. Instead, he chose Hua Guofeng as the new Premier.

Arrest and death

Zhang was arrested along with the other members of the so-called "Gang of Four" in October 1976, as part of a conspiracy by Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian and the new party leader Hua Guofeng. He was expelled from the Communist Party in July 1977, and then sentenced to death with a two-year reprieve in 1984, alongside Jiang Qing. His sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment, and was further reduced to 18 years in December 1997.

Zhang remained silent during his 1980 trial, and refused to speak until his relatives were allowed to visit him in prison years later; according to his daughter, Weiwei, he could barely talk by that time. He remained critical of the Communist Party under Deng Xiaoping and his successors in letters to his daughter, and stayed true to his Maoist beliefs, predicting the 21st century would see the triumph of socialist revolution in several countries.

In 1998, Zhang was released from prison to undergo medical treatment, then lived in obscurity in Shanghai until he died from pancreatic cancer in April 2005.

Reading list

• Zhang Chunqiao Reference Archive
• "On Exercising All-Round Dictatorship over the Bourgeoisie"