2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census

Caste census published in July 2014

Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 conducted by the Registrar General of India has come out with 4,673,034 categories of caste, sub-caste, synonyms, different surnames, gotras in the caste and clan names. These caste data were sent to all the states in November 2014 for clubbing them to consolidate the caste count. On 28 July 2015, Government of India said that a total of 81,958,314 errors were found in caste particulars and all states and Union Territories, of which 67,381,119 errors have been rectified. However, 14,577,195 errors are yet to be rectified. A report of Parliamentary Committee on Rural Development submitted to Lok Sabha Speaker on August 31, 2016, stated that 98.87 per cent data on individuals' caste and religion is error-free. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner noted incidence of errors in respect of 13,477,030 individuals out of total SECC population of 118,64,03,770.

The Census 2011 recorded 11.65 lakh rural houseless people, while in SECC their numbers were only 6.1 lakh. The provisional rural data of SECC 2011 shows Scheduled Castes at 18.46% (or 15.88 crore), Scheduled Tribes at 10.97% (9.27 crore), Others at 68.52%, and 2.04% (or 36.57 lakh) as "No Caste & Tribe" households.

Census report of SECC 2011

• There are 24.49 crore (243.9 million) households in India, of which 17.97 (179.7 million) crore live in villages. Of these, 10.74 crore households are considered as deprived.
• 5.37 crore (29.97%) households in rural areas are "landless deriving a major part of their income from manual labour".
• As many as 23,700,000 (13.25%) families in villages live in a one-room house with 'kachcha' (impermanent) walls and roof.
• 21.53%, or 38,600,000, families living in villages belong to SC/ST categories.
• 56% of India's rural households lack agricultural land.
• 36% of 884 million people in rural India are non-literate. This is higher than the 32% recorded by 2011 Census of India.
• Of the 64% literate rural Indians, more than a fifth have not completed primary school.
• 60% of the 179,100,000 rural households are deprived or poor.
• 35% of urban Indian households qualify as poor.
• 74.5% (133,400,000) of rural households survive on a monthly income of Rs 5,000 for their highest earner.
• 5.4% of rural India has completed high school.
• 3.4% of rural households have a family member who is a graduate.
• 4.6% of all rural households in India pay income tax.
• 14% of rural households are employed either with the government or the private sector.
• 180,657 households are engaged in manual scavenging for a livelihood. Maharashtra, with 63,713, tops the list of the largest number of manual scavenger households, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tripura and Karnataka.
• Over 48 per cent of the Indian rural population is female.
• 44.72 crore Indians are non-literate, more than a third of its 121.08 crore population.
• Transgender people comprise 0.1% of India's rural population. The Andaman and Nicobar islands, West Bengal, Gujarat, Odisha and Mizoram have the highest proportions of transgender people.
• The military and the para-military were kept out of the SECC.
• Government of Karnataka's Socio Economic Survey 2015 conducted by the Karnataka State Commission for Backward Classes was put up on the official website. The survey was launched on 11 April 2015. 133,000 enumerators carried out the Socio Economic Survey 2015 into every village, town and street to compile data related to religion, caste, education, social and economic condition of about 6.60 crore people in Karnataka by covering about 1.26 crore families.
• Social Welfare Department of Government of Karnataka may carry out a second round of caste census for 2.37 lakh families in Bengaluru, as the survey covered only 18.8 lakh families out of total 21,16,949 families in Bengaluru, which accounts for 88.82%.
• Kerala tops in the number of people with mental ailments in India.
• 1% of rural households own a landline phone without a mobile phone, while 68.35% rural households have mobile phones as their only phone(s).

Criticism

SECC 2011 data was criticised by a few experts as being unreliable. There is criticism that caste related data is deliberately withheld, similar to the religious data of 2011 Census of India. The religious data of Census 2011 was finally released by Government of India on 25 August 2015. On 13 July 2015, Lalu Prasad Yadav led a march demanding the Central government to release the findings of the SECC on caste. Politicians like M Karunanidhi and Anbumani Ramadoss too demanded to release the caste-based census data that will help to provide the key to justify the existing 69 per cent quota for backward communities in Tamil Nadu. Nitish Kumar and Veerappa Moily also accused the Central Government of withholding caste-based census data, although Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan pitched for a comprehensive classification of caste data of SECC 2011 before its release. BJP Leader Sushil Kumar Modi called for rectification of errors in the cases of 14,600,000 people in India, including 175,000 people in Bihar before releasing the caste data. The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, a figure which had shrunk to 41% by 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. Below is the distribution of population of each Religion by Caste Categories, obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th (1999–2000) and National Sample Survey Organisation 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey The number of backward castes and communities was 3,743 in the initial list of Mandal Commission set up in 1979–80. The number of backward castes in Central list of OBCs has now increased to 5,013 (without the figures for most of the Union Territories) in 2006 as per National Commission for Backward Classes.