Acute HME syndrome
Medical condition
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The acute severe C. occidentalis poisoning in children affects multiple systems. Functional and biochemical evidences to show toxic effect on the brain, liver and striated muscles. Pathologically there is acute onset massive zonal necrosis of liver and histopathology evidence of acute muscle fibre degeneration. The degenerative changes in the brain are mild, but brain oedema is severe and is believed to be the immediate cause of death.
A team of researchers from IITR, Lucknow, conducted detailed animal and toxicological studies to conclusively demonstrate that the toxin involved in these outbreaks was present in the pods (seeds) of the Cassia occidentalis weed [8-12]. GC-MS analysis of various fractions of methanol extracts from Cassia occidentalis seeds revealed the presence of five anthraquinones (AQs): physcion, emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol. Interestingly, these AQs were detected in serum and urine samples from the affected cases and Cassia occidentalis-exposed rats. Cytotoxicity testing of these AQs in rat primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells showed that rhein is the most toxic compound, followed by emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion, and chrysophanol. It was also demonstrated that 100 nM cyclosporine A was the most effective among various protective agents at preventing apoptosis in hepatocytes [13].
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Treatment
No specific treatment is available as yet. Treatment is mainly symptomatic, may require intensive care management but the outcome is uniformly poor and unpredictable if a full-blown picture of acute HME has appeared.
History
A team of investigators led by a local pediatrician Dr Vipin Mohan Vashishtha investigated this epidemic in Bijnor district, one of the affected districts of western Uttar Pradesh, and published their findings as three papers in national peer-reviewed journals. A six-member panel led by virologist Dr Jacob John from Vellore's Christian Medical College & Hospital was constituted by the Odisha state government to investigate the deaths of approximately 100 children in Malkangiri district since September 2015. The deaths were suspected to have occurred due to Japanese encephalitis. In its interim report, the panel indicated that anthraquinone, a toxin found in the 'bada chakunda' plant (Cassia occidentalis), was identified in the urine of five deceased children, indicating that some of them might have died of encephalopathy caused by consumption of the plant. After four years, it was concluded that the disease was not encephalitis but a fatal multi-system disease affecting liver, muscle and brain, called "acute hepatomyoencephalopathy (HME) syndrome" and induced by a phytotoxin.
Criticism of the Cassia occidentalis poisoning theory
Local tribals in Malkangiri have argued that chakunda seeds have been eaten by local tribes for a very long time and never found to be lethal. The tribal people also use the root, seeds and leaf of the plant as a traditional medicine for many common ailments. This is a possible reason why chakunda seeds have been used to adulterate pulses which are sold to tribal people by unscrupulous traders.