Anasarca

Cause

Anasarca is often caused by a decreased oncotic pressure.

Organ failure

• Liver failure
• Kidney failure
• Right-sided heart failure

Malignancy

Diet

• Severe protein deficiency

Systemic manifestations of

• Nephrotic syndrome
• Protein-losing enteropathies
• Capillary leak syndrome

In utero

In Hb Barts, the high oxygen affinity results in poor oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues, resulting in anasarca.

Iatrogenic

It can also be caused by the administration of exogenous intravenous fluid.

Diagnosis

Anasarca is a diagnosis made clinically and differentiated from edema by extent of body involvement and severity. Whereas edema is usually graded on a mild/moderate/severe scale and usually affects one or two regions of the body, anasarca affects the several of the body and is the most severe form of edema, with subcutaneous tissue swelling from head to feet.

Testing

Although there is no definitive test to prove anasarca, many tests can be useful to aid in the diagnosis. Anasarca is most often seen in conjunction with a low level of albumin.

A research paper published in 2001 demonstrated a linkage between low-voltage ECG (QRS complexes of <5 mm in the limb and <10 mm in the precordial leads) and anasarca.

Treatment

Anasarca is a severe symptom, not a pathological process in and of itself; as such, the best treatment is to treat the underlying cause. However, there are a number of things that can be done to help get the fluid off as well as prevent further accumulation of fluid.

Diuretics

One of the mainstays of any edema treatment, diuretics are a category of medications that help the body excrete fluid by altering the way in which the kidney processes urine.

• Loop diuretics
• Thiazide diuretics
• Thiazide-like diuretics
• Potassium-sparing diuretics

Diet

The body more efficiently absorbs fluid from the gut and retains that fluid with the help of sodium and sugar. As such, decreasing salt and simple sugar intake will help prevent the accumulation of fluid and potentiate the effect of any diuretics. Following a high protein diet will help provide one's body with the substrates necessary to produce albumin, the major protein in human plasma and the single most important molecule in maintaining the serum oncotic pressure.

Fiber

Bulking fiber, both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, absorbs water throughout the GI tract. Viscous fiber can thicken the contents of the GI tract and slow the absorption of other compounds (like simple sugars).