Archaeological science

In the United Kingdom, the Natural and Environmental Research Council provides funding for archaeometry separate from the funding provided for archaeology.

Types of archaeological science

Archaeological science can be divided into the following areas:

• physical and chemical dating methods which provide archaeologists with absolute and relative chronologies
• artifact studies
• environmental approaches which provide information on past landscapes, climates, flora, and fauna; as well as the diet, nutrition, health, and pathology of people
• mathematical methods for data treatment (including computer-based methods)
• remote-sensing and geophysical-survey techniques for buried features
• conservation sciences, involving the study of decay processes and the development of new methods of conservation

Techniques such as lithic analysis, archaeometallurgy, paleoethnobotany, palynology and zooarchaeology also form sub-disciplines of archaeological science.

Dating techniques

Archaeological science has particular value when it can provide absolute dates for archaeological strata and artifacts. Some of the most important dating techniques include:

• radiocarbon dating — especially for dating organic materials
• dendrochronology — for dating trees; also very important for calibrating radiocarbon dates
• thermoluminescence dating — for dating inorganic material (including ceramics)
• optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) — for absolutely dating and relatively profiling buried land-surfaces in vertical and horizontal stratigraphic sections, most often by measuring photons discharged from grains of quartz within sedimentary bodies (although this technique can also measure potassium feldspars, complications caused by internally induced dose-rates often favor the use of quartz-based analyzes in archaeological applications)
• electron spin resonance, as used (for example) in dating teeth
• potassium-argon dating — for dating (for example) fossilized hominid remains by association with volcanic sediments (the fossils themselves are not directly dated)

Artifact studies

Another important subdiscipline of archaeometry is the study of artifacts. Archaeometrists have used a variety of methods to analyze artifacts, either to determine more about their composition, or to determine their provenance. These techniques include:

• X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
• inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
• neutron activation analysis (NAA)
• scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
• laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

Lead, strontium and oxygen isotope analysis can also test human remains to estimate the diets and even the birthplaces of a study's subjects.

Provenance analysis has the potential to determine the original source of the materials used, for example, to make a particular artifact. This can show how far the artifact has traveled and can indicate the existence of systems of exchange.