Bentham & Hooker system
System of plant classification
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George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) were British botanists who were closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in England. Their system of botanical taxonomy was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account. The Genera plantarum classified an estimated 97,205 species into 202 families and 7,569 genera.
Summary
The system recognises the following main groups:
- Class DICOTYLEDONES
- DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I
- Series 1. Thalamiflorae
- Series 2. Disciflorae
- Series 3. Calyciflorae
- DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II
- Series 1. Inferae
- Series 2. Heteromerae
- Series 3. Bicarpellatae
- DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
- DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I
- Class GYMNOSPERMEÆ vol III (1)
- Class MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2)
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Families and orders in the Bentham & Hooker system
Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. It indicates a family by "ordo"; an order is indicated by "cohors" (in the first two volumes) or "series" (in the third volume); in the first two volumes “series” refers to a rank above that of order. Terminations for families are not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective: the ICBN provides for this
Dicotyledonae
- DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM Vol I
- SERIES I THALAMIFLORÆ
- COHORS I. RANALES
- I. RANUNCULACEÆ
- II. DILLENIACEAE
- III. CALYCANTHACEÆ
- IV. MAGNOLIACEAE
- V. ANONACEAE [sic]
- VI. MENISPERMACEÆ
- VII. BERBERIDACEÆ
- VIII. NYMPHÆACEAE
- COHORS II. PARIETALES
- IX. SARRACENIACEAE
- X. PAPAVERACEAE
- XI. CRUCIFERAE
- XII. CAPPARIDEAE
- XIII. RESEDACEAE
- XIV. CISTINEAE
- XV. VIOLARIEAE p. 114 4 tribes
- XVI. CANELLACEAE
- XVII. BIXINEAE
- COHORS III. POLYGALINÆ
- XVIII. PITTOSPOREÆ
- XIX. TREMANDREAE
- XX. POLYGALAE
- XXa. VOCHYSIACEAE
- COHORS IV. CARYOPHYLLINÆ
- XXI. FRANKENIACEÆ
- XXII. CARYOPHYLLEÆ
- XXIII. PORTULACEÆ
- XXIV. TAMARISCINEÆ
- COHORS V. GUTTIFERALES
- XXV. ELATINEÆ
- XXVI. HYPERICINEÆ
- XXVII. GUTTIFERÆ
- XXVIII. TERNSTROEMIACEÆ
- XXIX. DIPTEROCARPEÆ
- XXX. CHLENACEÆ
- COHORS VI. MALVALES
- XXXI. MALVACEÆ
- XXXII. STERCULIACEÆ
- XXXIII. TILIACEÆ
- COHORS I. RANALES
- SERIES II. DISCIFLORÆ
- COHORS VII. GERANIALES
- XXXIV LINEÆ
- XXXV. HUMIRIACEÆ
- XXXVI. MALPIGHIACEÆ
- XXXVII. ZYGOPHYLLEÆ
- XXXVIII. GERANIACEÆ
- XXXIX. RUTACEÆ
- XL. SIMARUBEÆ [sic]
- XLI. OCHNACEÆ
- XLII. BURSERACEÆ
- XLIII. MELIACEÆ
- XLIV. CHAILLETIACEÆ
- COHORS VIII. OLACALES
- XLV. OLACINEÆ
- XLVI. ILICINEÆ
- COHORS IX. CELASTRALES
- XLVII. CELASTRINEÆ
- XLVIII. STACKHOUSIEÆ
- XLIX. RHAMNEÆ
- L. AMPELIDEÆ
- COHORS X. SAPINDALES
- LI. SAPINDACEÆ
- LII. SABIACEÆ
- LIII. ANACARDIACEÆ
- ORDINES V. POTIUS GENERA ANOMALA
- LIV. CORIARIEÆ
- LV. MORINGEÆ
- COHORS VII. GERANIALES
- SERIES III. CALYCIFLORÆ
- COHORS XI. ROSALES
- LVI. CONNARACEÆ
- LVII. LEGUMINOSÆ
- LVIII. ROSACEÆ
- LIX. SAXIFRAGEÆ
- LX. CRASSULACEÆ
- LXI. DROSERACEÆ
- LXII. HAMAMELIDEÆ
- LXIII. BRUNIACEÆ
- LXIV. HALORAGEÆ
- COHORS XII. MYRTALES
- LXV. RHIZOPHOREÆ
- LXVI. COMBRETACEÆ
- LXVII. MYRTACEÆ
- LXVIII. MELASTOMACEÆ
- LXIX. LYTHRARIEÆ
- LXX. ONAGRARIEÆ
- COHORS XIII. PASSIFLORALES
- LXXI. SAMYDACEÆ
- LXXII. LOASEÆ
- LXXIII. TURNERACEÆ
- LXXIV. PASSIFLOREÆ
- LXXV. CUCURBITACEÆ
- LXXVI. BEGONIACEÆ
- LXXVII. DATISCEÆ
- COHORS XIV. FICOIDALES
- LXXVIII. CACTEÆ
- LXXIX. FICIOIDEÆ
- COHORS XV. UMBELLALES
- LXXX. UMBELLIFERÆ
- LXXXI. ARALIACEÆ
- LXXXII. CORNACEÆ
- COHORS XI. ROSALES
- SERIES I THALAMIFLORÆ
- DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II
- SERIES I. INFERÆ
- COHORS I. RUBIALES
- LXXXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ
- LXXXIV. RUBIACEÆ
- COHORS II. ASTERALES
- LXXXV. VALERIANEÆ
- LXXXVI. DIPSACEÆ
- LXXXVII. CALCEREÆ
- LXXXVIII. COMPOSITÆ
- COHORS III. CAMPANALES
- LXXXIX. STYLIDIEÆ
- XC. GOODENOVIEÆ
- XCI. CAMPANULACEÆ
- COHORS I. RUBIALES
- SERIES II. HETEROMERÆ
- COHORS IV ERICALES
- XCII. VACCINIACEÆ
- XCIII. ERICACEÆ
- XCIV. MONOTROPEÆ
- XCV. EPACRIDEÆ
- XCVI. DIAPENSIACEÆ
- XCVII. LENNOACEÆ
- COHORS V. PRIMULALES
- XCVIII. PLUMBAGINEÆ
- XCIX. PRIMULACEÆ
- C. MYRSINEÆ
- COHORS VI. EBENALES
- CI. SAPOTACEÆ
- CII. EBENACEÆ
- CIII. STYRACEÆ
- COHORS IV ERICALES
- SERIES III. BICARPELLATÆ
- COHORS VII. GENTIANALES
- CIV. OLEACEÆ
- CV. SALVADORACEÆ
- CVI. APOCYNACEÆ
- CVII. ASCLEPIADEÆ
- CVIII. LOGANIACEÆ
- CIX. GENTIANEÆ
- COHORS VIII. POLEMONIALES
- CX. POLEMONIACEÆ
- CXI. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ
- CXII. BORAGINEÆ
- CXIII. CONVOLVULACEÆ
- CXIV. SOLANACEÆ
- COHORS IX. PERSONALES
- CXV. SCROPHULARINEÆ
- CXVI. OROBRANCHACEÆ
- CXVII. LENTIBULARIEÆ
- CXVIII. COLUMELLIACEÆ
- CXIX. GESNERACEÆ [sic]
- CXX. BIGNONIACEÆ
- CXXI. PEDALINEÆ
- CXXII. ACANTHACEÆ
- COHORS X. LAMIALES
- CXXIII. MYOPORINEÆ
- CXXIV. SELAGINEÆ
- CXXV. VERBENACEÆ
- CXXVI. LABIATÆ
- incertae sedis
- CXXVII. PLANTAGINEÆ
- COHORS VII. GENTIANALES
- SERIES I. INFERÆ
- DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
- Series I. Curvembryeæ
- CXXVIII. NYCTAGINEÆ
- CXXIX. ILLECEBRACEÆ
- CXXX. AMARANTACEÆ [sic]
- CXXXI. CHENOPODIACEÆ
- CXXXII. PHYTOLACCACEÆ
- CXXXIII. BATIDEÆ
- CXXXIV. POLYGONACEÆ
- Series II. Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ
- CXXXV. PODOSTEMONACEÆ
- Series III. Multiovulatæ Terrestres
- CXXXVI. NEPENTHACEÆ
- CXXXVII. CYTINACEÆ
- CXXXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ
- Series IV. Microembryeæ
- CXXXIX. PIPERACEÆ
- CXL. CHLORANTACEÆ
- CXLI. MYRISTICEÆ
- CXLII. MONIMIACEÆ
- Series V. Daphnales
- CXLIII. LAURINEÆ
- CXLIV. PROTEACEÆ
- CXLV. THYMELÆACEÆ
- CXLVI. PENÆACEÆ
- CXLVII. ELÆAGNACEÆ
- Series VI. Achlamydosporeæ
- CXLVIII. LORANTHACEÆ
- CXLIX. SANTALACEÆ
- CL. BALANOPHOREÆ
- Series VII. Unisexuales
- CLI. EUPHORBIACEÆ
- CLII. BALANOPEÆ
- CLIII. URTICACEÆ
- CLIV. PLATANACEÆ
- CLV. LEITNERIEÆ
- CLVI. JUGLANDEÆ
- CLVII. MYRICACEÆ
- CLVIII. CASUARINEÆ
- CLIX. CUPULIFERÆ
- Series VIII. Ordines anomali (incertae sedis)
- CLX. SALICINEÆ
- CLXI. LACISTEMACEÆ
- CLXII. EMPETRACEÆ
- CLXIII. CERATOPHYLLEÆ
- Series I. Curvembryeæ
- 'GYMNOSPERMEÆ [sic] vol III (1)
- CLXIV. GNETACEÆ
- CLXV. CONIFERÆ
- CLXVI. CYCADACEÆ
Gymnosperms
- vol III
- Family:-
1> Gnetaceae 2> Coniferae 3> Cycadaceae
Monocotyledons
- Summary pp viii–xi
- MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2) p. 448
Series I. Microspermæ p. 448
- CLXVII. HYDROCHARIDEÆp. 448
- CLXVIII. BURMANNIACEÆ
- CLXIX. ORCHIDEÆ p. 460
Series II Epigynæ p. 636
- CLXX. SCITAMINEÆ p. 636
- CLXXI. BROMELIACEÆ p. 657
- CLXXII. HAEMODORACEÆ p. 671
- CLXXIII. IIRIDEÆ p. 681 3 tribes
- CLXXIV. AMARYLLIDEÆ p. 711 5 tribes
- I Tribus Hypoxideae p. 716
- II Tribus Amarylleae p. 718 3 subtribes
- III Tribus Alstroemerieae p. 735
- IV Tribus Agaveae p. 737
- V Tribus Vellosieae p. 739
- CLXXV. TACCACEÆ p. 740
- CLXXVI. DIOSCOREACEÆ p. 741
Series III Coronarieæ p. 746
- CLXXVII. ROXBURGHIACEÆ p. 746
- CLXXVIII. LILIACEÆ p. 748 (20 tribes) Schema 748–763
- Tribus I Smilaceae p. 763
- Tribus II Asparageae p. 764
- Tribus III Luzuriageae
- Tribus IV Polygonateae p. 768
- Tribus V Convallariae
- Tribus VI Aspidistreae
- Tribus VII Hemerocalleae
- Tribus VIII Aloineae
- ...
- Tribus X Asphodeleae p. 781 5 subtribes
- Tribus XI Johnsonieae p. 795
- Tribus XII Allieae p. 798 Schema p. 750 4 subtribes
- Subtribus I Agapantheae p. 798
- Subtribus II Euallieae p. 798
- Subtribus III Gilliesieae p. 804
- Subtribus IV Massonieae p. 806
- Tribus XIII Scilleae p. 807
- Tribus XIV Tulipeae p. 816
- Tribus XV Colchiceae
- ...
- Tribus XX Veratreae p. 834
- CLXXIX. PONTEDERIACEÆ p. 836
- CLXXX. PHILYDRACEÆ p. 840
- CLXXXI. XYRIDEÆ p. 841
- CLXXXII. MAYACEÆ p. 843
- CLXXXIII. COMMELINACEÆ p. 844
- CLXXXIV. RAPATEACEÆ p. 857
Series VI Calycineæ p. 860
- CLXXXV. FLAGELLARIEÆ
- CLXXXVI. JUNCACEÆ
- CLXXXVII. PALMÆ
Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949
- CLXXXVIII. PANDANEÆ
- CLXXXIX. CYCLANTHACEÆ
- CXC TYPHACEÆ
- CXCI. AROIDEÆ
- CXCII. LEMNACEÆ p. 1000
Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001
- CXCIII. TRIURIDEÆ
- CXCIV. ALISMACEÆ p. 1003
- CXCV. NAIADACEÆ [sic]
Series VII. Glumaceæ p. 1019
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