Black yeast

The consortium comprises two phylogenetically very different fungal groups. Many are found in the orders Capnodiales, Dothideales, and Pleosporales (class Dothideomycetes). These black fungi mostly have an extremotolerant life style. Many representatives of this group can colonize bare rocks, e.g. in the Mediterranean basin or in hot and cold dry deserts, and are therefore referred to as rock-inhabiting fungi, or occur in salterns. These black yeasts are believed to be the most resistant eukaryotic organisms known to-date. They were firstly described in the early 80s by three almost concomitant seminal research articles. Members of Chaetothyriales (class Eurotiomycetes) are found in hydrocarbon-rich environments or in nutrient-poor, moist indoor environments, and may occur as opportunistic pathogens of vertebrate hosts, such as Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis. Several species are associated with lichens as well as other phototrophs and sometimes with ants in specific ant-fungi associations.

In recent years, black fungi such as E. dermatitidis or Hortaea werneckii have attracted increasingly attention as model microorganisms in studies on astrobiology, bioremediation of polluted ecosystems by biofiltration, effect of ionizing radiation in contaminated areas, biodeterioration of materials, and mechanisms of adaptation to high salt concentrations. A collaborative effort coordinated by the Broad Institute is currently ongoing to sequence the genomes of several black fungi to shed light into their ecology, phylogeny and pathogenicity.

Certain dematiaceous fungi cause phaeohyphomycosis, in which melanin is a virulence factor, as well as chromoblastomycosis and eumycetoma. Sporothrix schenckii, the causal agent of sporothricosis, is also a dematiaceous fungus.

In 2011, a research paper about occurrence of potentially pathogenic black fungi in household dishwashers was partially misreported by the media and went viral.

Black yeasts are not related to the edible cloud ear fungus Auricularia polytricha.