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- S. Allen CounterNeurologist and academic
- S.M. (patient)Brain-damaged "woman with no fear"
- Saak OvsepianArmenian-Irish neuroscientist
- Sabina BrennanIrish neuroscientist, psychologist and actress
- Sabine SpijkerDutch neuroscientist
- Saccadic maskingPhenomenon in visual perception
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and BehaviourThe Sainsbury Wellcome Centre (SWC) is a neuroscience research institute located in London
- Sally–Anne testPsychological test
- Salvatore DiMauroItalian neurologist
- Sam Wang (neuroscientist)American professor, neuroscientist, psephologist and author
- Samantha YammineCanadian neuroscientist and science communicator
- Samuel R. BrowdSamuel R. Browd is an American pediatric neurosurgeon, academic physician, serial entrepre
- Sandra Bond ChapmanAmerican academic
- Saphenous nerveLongest sensory branch of the femoral nerve
- Satellite glial cellCells covering neuron soma in PNS ganglia
- Schizophrenia Research FoundationMental health organization in South India
- Sean Hill (scientist)American neuroscientist
- Secondary somatosensory cortexBrain region
- Seed-based d mappingStatistical technique for meta-analyzing studies in brain activity
- Seiji NishinoAmerican psychologist
- Self-disorderMental state of a reduced perception of self-awareness
- Self-transforming brainThe self-transforming brain refers to the ability of the self to consciously use mental ac
- Sense of directionAbility to perceive one's physical location
- Sensorimotor rhythmOscillatory idle rhythm of synchronized electric brain activity
- Sensory brandingType of marketing that appeals to all the senses
- Sensory gatingSensory gating describes neural processes of filtering out redundant or irrelevant stimuli
- Sensory memoryImpressions of sensory information
- Sensory neuroscienceField of neuroscience relating to the senses
- Sensory stimulation therapyExperimental therapy technique
- Separation anxiety disorderAnxiety disorder
- Sepsis-associated encephalopathyNeurological condition
- Septum pellucidumThin membrane between the lateral ventricles of the brain
- Sergiu P. PașcaRomanian-American scientist
- Serotonin transporterThe serotonin transporter (SERT or 5-HTT) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin tra
- Shaker (gene)Gene found in fruit flies
- Shankar VedantamShankar Vedantam is an American journalist, writer, and science correspondent. His reporti
- Shannon criteriaThe Shannon criteria constitute an empirical rule in neural engineering that is used for e
- Sharlene NewmanAmerican cognitive neuroscientist
- Sharon NaismithAustralian clinical neuropsychologist
- Sharp waves and ripplesBiological phenomenon
- Sheena JosselynCanadian neuroscientist
- Sheila Essey AwardNeurology award
- Shelly FlagelAmerican behavioral neuroscientist
- Shepard elephantPerceptual illusion
- Short ciliary nervesNerves of the orbit around the eye
- Short-term synaptic depressionForm of neural negative feedback
- Simon LeVayBritish-American neuroscientist (born 1943)
- Simon StringerBritish neuroscientist
- SimultanagnosiaSimultanagnosia (or simultagnosia) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the in
- Single-unit recordingMethod to measure responses of a neuron
- Skraban–Deardorff syndromeRare genetic disorder
- Sleep epidemiologySleep epidemiology is an emerging branch of the discipline of epidemiology. It is a growin
- Sleep in the NBASleep is an important issue in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Traveling and pa
- Sleep inertiaImpaired physiological state after awaking
- Sleep spindleEEG waveform that occurs during sleep
- Slice preparationLaboratory method involving brain slices
- Sliman BensmaiaFrench-Algerian neuroscientist (1973–2023)
- Slow-wave sleepPeriod of sleep in humans and other animals
- Snowball (cockatoo)Cockatoo capable of dancing
- Societal and cultural aspects of autismSocietal and cultural aspects of autism or sociology of autism come into play with recogni
- Society for NeuroscienceAmerican professional society
- Society for Research on Biological RhythmsThe Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) is a learned society and professiona
- Society of MindBook by Marvin Minsky
- Society of Neuroscientists of AfricaProfessional body in Africa
- Soliton model in neuroscienceThe soliton hypothesis in neuroscience is a model that claims to explain how action potent
- Somatosensory evoked potentialElectrical activity in the brain
- Sonja W. ScholzAustrian neurologist and neurogeneticist
- SonochromatismNeurological phenomenon
- SophrologyDynamic relaxation method
- Sound trademarkAuditory trademark
- Source amnesiaSource amnesia is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned informat
- Source-monitoring errorType of memory error
- Spastic cerebral palsyCerebral palsy characterized by high muscle tone
- Special visceral afferent fiberSpecial visceral afferent fibers (SVA) are afferent fibers that develop in association wit
- Sphenoid sinusThe sphenoid sinus is a paired paranasal sinus in the body of the sphenoid bone. It is one
- Spike-timing-dependent plasticityBiological process that adjusts the strength of connections between neurons in the brain
- SpiNNakerParallel supercomputing architecture
- Spinning dancerOptical illusion
- Spinocerebellar tractsNerve tract in humans
- Spinomesencephalic pathwayThe spinomesencephalic pathway, spinomesencephalic tract or spino-quadrigeminal system of
- Spinoreticular tractThe spinoreticular tract (also paleospinothalamic pathway, or indirect pathway of the ante
- Splanchnic nervesThe splanchnic nerves are paired visceral nerves (nerves that contribute to the innervatio
- Spongy degeneration of the central nervous systemNeurodegenerative disorder
- Squid giant synapseChemical synapse found in squid
- Stanley CobbAmerican neurologist (1887–1968)
- Statistical parametric mappingStatistical technique
- StatocystBalancing organ in certain aquatic invertebrate animals
- Steady state topographyMethod for studying brain activity
- Stefan KoelschMusic cognition researcher
- Stellate cellStar-shaped neurons in the central nervous system
- Stephen Brendan McMahonBritish neuroscientist (1954–2021)
- Stephen H. ScottCanadian neuroscientist and engineer (born 1964)
- Stephen NadeauAmerican behavioral neurologist
- Stephen WaxmanAmerican neurologist and neuroscientist
- Stereopsis recoveryMedical phenomenon
- Steve RamirezNeuroscientist
- Steven A. FarberAmerican scientist
- Steven M. PaulAmerican neuroscientist and pharmaceutical executive
- Stimulus modalityWhat is perceived after a physiological stimulus
- Stochastic resonance (sensory neurobiology)Stochastic resonance is a phenomenon that occurs in a threshold measurement system (e.g. a
- Stomatogastric ganglionThe stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is a much-studied ganglion (collection of neurons) found
- Stria medullarisPart of the epithalamus
- StriatumNucleus in the basal ganglia of the brain
- Subarachnoid cisternsSpaces around the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
- Subcommissural organThe subcommissural organ (SCO) is one of the circumventricular organs of the brain. It is
- Subgranular zoneThe subgranular zone (SGZ) is a layer of cells in the dentate gyrus, in the hippocampal fo
- SubiculumMost inferior part of the hippocampal formation
- Submental triangleThe submental triangle (or suprahyoid triangle) is a division of the anterior triangle of
- SubplateThe subplate, also called the subplate zone, together with the marginal zone and the corti
- Substantia gelatinosa of RolandoRegion of the spinal cord involved in pain modulation
- Subthreshold membrane potential oscillationsNeurobiological terminology
- Sugar preferenceNeurological description of sugar preference
- SulfatideClass of compounds
- Summation (neurophysiology)Process in neuroscience
- Super-resolution microscopySeries of techniques in optical microscopy
- Superior cluneal nervesSensory nerves of the buttocks
- Superior frontal gyrusRegion of the frontal lobe of the brain
- Superior ganglion of vagus nerveSensory ganglion within Jugular foramen
- Superior longitudinal fasciculusAssociation fiber tract of the brain
- Superior mesenteric ganglionThe superior mesenteric ganglion is a ganglion in the upper part of the superior mesenteri
- Superior temporal gyrusOne of three gyri of the temporal lobe of the brain
- Supplementary eye fieldRegion of the frontal cortex of the brain
- Supplementary motor areaMidline region in front of the motor cortex of the brain
- Supraclavicular nervesNerves of the neck and shoulder
- Supramarginal gyrusGyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain
- Supraoptic nucleusADH-secreting nucleus of the hypothalamus
- Surface chemistry of neural implantsAs with any material implanted in the body, it is important to minimize or eliminate forei
- Surround suppressionSurround suppression is where the relative firing rate of a neuron may under certain condi
- Susana Martinez-CondeSpanish-American neuroscientist and writer (born 1969)
- Suzanne HaberAmerican academic
- Suzanne ZukinAmerican neuroscientist
- Sylvain LesnéFrench neuroscientist (born 1974)
- Sylvie RokeDutch chemist and physicist specialized in photochemistry
- Sympathetic gangliaGanglia of the sympathetic nervous system
- Sympathoadrenal systemConnection of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla
- Synaptic augmentationForm of short term synaptic plasticity
- Synaptic noiseType of activity in neurons
- Synaptic potentialPotential difference across the postsynaptic membrane
- Synaptic pruningProcess of synapse elimination
- Synaptic taggingSynaptic tagging, or the synaptic tagging hypothesis, has been proposed to explain how neu
- SynaptobrevinProtein family
- Synaptotropic hypothesisNeurobiological theory
- Syndromic autismAutism associated with another medical condition
- SyntaxinGroup of proteins
- Synthetic ion channelsSynthetic ion channels are de novo chemical compounds that insert into lipid bilayers, for
- SynucleinopathyMedical condition
- Szneur Zalman BychowskiPolish-Jewish neurologist and social activist (1865–1934)
