A

• Abc conjectureConjecture in number theory
• Agrawal–Kayal–Saxena primality testAlgorithm checking for prime numbers
• Aliquot sumSum of all proper divisors of a natural number
• Arithmetic progressionSequence of equally spaced numbers
• Associative magic squareAn associative magic square is a magic square for which each pair of numbers symmetrically

B

• Bell numberCount of the possible partitions of a set
• Bézout's identityRelating two numbers and their greatest common divisor

C

• Catalan numberRecursive integer sequence
• Chinese remainder theoremAbout simultaneous modular congruences
• Collatz conjectureOpen problem on 3x+1 and x/2 functions
• Composite numberInteger having a non-trivial divisor
• Coprime integersTwo numbers without shared prime factors

D

• Dirichlet characterComplex-valued arithmetic function
• Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressionsTheorem on the number of primes in arithmetic sequences
• Discrete logarithmProblem of inverting exponentiation in groups
• Divisibility (ring theory)In mathematics, the notion of a divisor originally arose within the context of arithmetic
• Divisible groupIn mathematics, specifically in the field of group theory, a divisible group is an abelian
• DivisorInteger that divides another integer

E

• Extended Euclidean algorithmMethod for computing the relation of two integers with their greatest common divisor

F

• Fermat numberPositive integer of the form (2^(2^n))+1
• Fermat's little theoremA prime p divides a^p–a for any integer a

G

• Gilbert de Beauregard RobinsonGilbert de Beauregard Robinson, MBE (3 June 1906 – 8 April 1992) was a Canadian mathematic
• Goldbach's conjectureEven integers as sums of two primes
• Greatest common divisorLargest integer that divides given integers

H

• Highly composite numberNumbers with many divisors

I

• Incidence algebraIn order theory, a field of mathematics, an incidence algebra is an associative algebra, d
• Integer partitionDecomposition of an integer as a sum of positive integers

J

• Jacobi symbolGeneralization of the Legendre symbol in number theory

L

• Least common multipleSmallest positive number divisible by two integers
• Legendre symbolFunction in number theory
• Lowest common denominatorLowest common multiple of the denominators of a set of fractions
• Lucky numberInteger filtered out using a sieve similar to that of Eratosthenes

M

• Magic squareSquare of numbers with equal row, column and diagonal totals
• Mersenne primePrime number of the form 2^n – 1
• Möbius inversion formulaRelation between pairs of arithmetic functions

O

• On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer SequencesOnline database of integer sequences

P

• P-adic numberNumber system extending the rational numbers
• P-recursive equationIn mathematics a P-recursive equation is a linear equation of sequences where the coeffici
• Pandiagonal magic squareA pandiagonal magic square or panmagic square (also diabolic square, diabolical square or
• Perfect numberNumber equal to the sum of its proper divisors
• Polynomial greatest common divisorGreatest common divisor of polynomials
• Primality testAlgorithm for determining whether a number is prime
• PseudoprimeProbable prime that is composite

Q

• Quadratic reciprocityGives conditions for the solvability of quadratic equations modulo prime numbers
• Quadratic residueInteger that is a perfect square modulo some integer

R

• Recurrence relationPattern defining an infinite sequence of numbers

S

• SemiprimeProduct of two prime numbers
• Sieve of EratosthenesAncient algorithm for generating prime numbers

T

• Twin primePrime differing from another prime by two

W

• Wilson's theoremTheorem on prime numbers

Y

• Young tableauCombinatorial object in representation theory