Combinatorial mirror symmetry

It was observed by Victor Batyrev and Duco van Straten that the method of Philip Candelas et al. for computing the number of rational curves on Calabi–Yau quintic 3-folds can be applied to arbitrary Calabi–Yau complete intersections using the generalized ${\displaystyle A}$-hypergeometric functions introduced by Israel Gelfand, Michail Kapranov and Andrei Zelevinsky (see also the talk of Alexander Varchenko), where ${\displaystyle A}$ is the set of lattice points in a reflexive polytope ${\displaystyle P}$.

The combinatorial mirror duality for Calabi–Yau hypersurfaces in toric varieties has been generalized by Lev Borisov in the case of Calabi–Yau complete intersections in Gorenstein toric Fano varieties. Using the notions of dual cone and polar cone one can consider the polar duality for reflexive polytopes as a special case of the duality for convex Gorenstein cones and of the duality for Gorenstein polytopes.

For any fixed natural number ${\displaystyle d}$ there exists only a finite number ${\displaystyle N(d)}$ of ${\displaystyle d}$-dimensional reflexive polytopes up to a ${\displaystyle GL(d,\mathbb{Z})}$-isomorphism. The number ${\displaystyle N(d)}$ is known only for ${\displaystyle d\le 4}$: ${\displaystyle N(1)=1}$, ${\displaystyle N(2)=16}$, ${\displaystyle N(3)=4319}$, ${\displaystyle N(4)=473800776.}$ The combinatorial classification of ${\displaystyle d}$-dimensional reflexive simplices up to a ${\displaystyle GL(d,\mathbb{Z})}$-isomorphism is closely related to the enumeration of all solutions ${\displaystyle (k_0,k_1,\dots ,k_d)\in {\mathbb{N}}^{d+1}}$ of the diophantine equation ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{k_0}+\cdots +\frac{1}{k_d}=1}$. The classification of 4-dimensional reflexive polytopes up to a ${\displaystyle GL(4,\mathbb{Z})}$-isomorphism is important for constructing many topologically different 3-dimensional Calabi–Yau manifolds using hypersurfaces in 4-dimensional toric varieties which are Gorenstein Fano varieties. The complete list of 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional reflexive polytopes have been obtained by physicists Maximilian Kreuzer and Harald Skarke using a special software in Polymake.

A mathematical explanation of the combinatorial mirror symmetry has been obtained by Lev Borisov via vertex operator algebras which are algebraic counterparts of conformal field theories.