Critical appraisal

Critical appraisal checklists help to appraise the quality of the study design and (for quantitative studies) the risk of bias. Critical appraisal tools for cross-sectional studies are the AXIS, JBI, Nested Knowledge tools; for randomised controlled trials are Nested Knowledge, Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, JBI tool and CASP tools. Additionally, supplementary critical appraisal tools such as Naicker's Critically Appraising for Antiracism Tool and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Quality Appraisal Tool may be used in conjunction with tools for specific study designs to assess additional biases or ethics practices. Critical appraisal may also be an integral part of formalized approaches to turn evidence into recommendations for practice such as GRADE.