East Formosan languages
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- East Formosan
- Kavalanic
- Kavalan(endangered)
- Basay†
- Qauqaut†
- Amis–Sakizaya
- Sakizaya
- Amis
- Sirayaic
- Siraya†
- Taivoan–Makatao
- Taivoan†
- Makatao†
- Kavalanic
Luilang is often lumped together with the Ketagalan dialect of Basay, but is poorly attested and remains unclassified. Sagart posits it as a primary branch of Austronesian.
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Evidence
Li presents the following criteria as evidence for an East Formosan subgrouping.
- Merger of *C and *t as /t/
- Merger of *D and *Z as /r/ or /l/ in Basay, as /z/ in Kavalan
- Merger of *q, *H, *ʔɦ and zero
- Merger of *j, *n, and *N as /n/
- Shift of *k into /q/ and /q/ > /h/ (Basay only) before *a
Li notes that the split of *k into k and q (before *a) is shared exclusively by Basay and Kavalan. Like Kavalan and Basay, the Siraya language merges the patient-focus and locative-focus forms, although Amis distinguishes the two focus forms. Li also lists dozens of lexical innovations shared by the East Formosan languages.
The Basay, Kavalan, and Amis also share an oral tradition stating a common origin from an island called “Sinasay” or “Sanasay,” which is probably the Green Island of today.