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Graphidales

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History

The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as family Graphideae. In 1907, they were established as an order by American botanist Bessey (1845–1915),

When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae who were both mainly tropical based and each family had about 800–1000 species.

Sherwood in 1977 proposed to maintain a distinction between the Graphidales with mostly lichenised members and the Ostropales which included mostly non-lichenised fungi, based on different spore septation types.

Molecular data by Winka et al. in 1998, supported a close relationship between the two groups of species.

The Graphidales were then included in the Ostropales order (Lecanoromycetes) for a long time (Staiger 2002; Kalb et al. 2004; Hibbett et al. 2007; Lumbsch et al. 2007; Kirk et al. 2008; Baloch et al. 2010; Rivas Plata and Lumbsch 2011; Rivas Plata et al. 2012; Lumbsch et al. 2014; Lücking et al. 2017; Wijayawardene et al. 2018).

In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing which found that orders Graphidales and Ostropales were monophyletic.

Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were non-monophyletic and consequently Thelotremataceae was included in Graphidaceae as a synonym. Graphidaceae also included subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae.

However, Kraichak et al. in 2018, ranked Graphidales as a separate order based on a temporal approach, and accepted five families; Diploschistaceae, Fissurinaceae, Gomphillaceae, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae. Wijayawardene et al. 2020 agreed but also added family Redonographaceae to the order, Other authors have agreed on the use of reinstated order of Graphidales.

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