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Hachikō

Akita dog known for his loyalty (1923–1935)

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Hachikō in his later years.
Unknown author Unknown author · Public domain

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Through United Nations

Hachikō was born in mid-November 1923, on a farm near Ōdate, Akita Prefecture, Japan. In 1924, Hidesaburō Ueno, a professor at the Tokyo Imperial University, brought him to live in Shibuya, Tokyo, as his pet. Hachikō met Ueno at Shibuya Station every day after his commute home. This continued until May 21, 1925, when Ueno died of a cerebral aneurysm infarction while at work. From then until his death on March 8, 1935, Hachikō returned to Shibuya Station almost every day to await Ueno's return.

According to some contemporary accounts, Hachikō faced neglect and occasional mistreatment at Shibuya Station after Ueno's death, but was undeterred from visiting. Once his story became nationally known, his remarkable display of loyalty was widely reported in Japanese media, and public interest grew significantly. After he became known internationally, his story led Helen Keller to bring the first Akita to America. Since his death, he continues to be remembered worldwide in popular culture with statues, movies, and books of him.

Life

Birth and naming

There has been much confusion and misinformation about the birth and naming of Hachikō. Hachikō, a creamy-white Akita, was born in mid-November 1923, at a farm located in Ōdate, Akita Prefecture, Japan. He was one of four purebred Akita puppies, all male, through his father Ōshinai-yama-gō ('Ōshinai mountain') and mother Goma-gō ('Sesame'). The suffix -gō is used in Japanese honorific speech as a sign of respect for purebred animals, art, airplanes, and trains. Claims that Hachikō was not a purebred Akita have been discredited. Much of the confusion surrounding his birth stems from a fake birth certificate issued in 1934, which incorrectly lists his birthdate as November 20 and misidentifies his parents. However, his birthday is often celebrated as November 10. Akita puppies were given to their new owners prior to them turning two months old. Since Hachikō was shipped from Ōdate on January 14, 1924, it is likely he was born after November 14, 1923. Hachikō's true provenance was not proven until May 1975.

Various theories have been espoused for the origin of Hachikō's name. Some sources say the name Hachi (Japanese: 八, 'eight') was chosen because Professor Hidesaburō Ueno noticed Hachikō's forepaws resembled the shape of the kanji for eight when he stood up. Others say it was because Hachikō was the eighth puppy in a litter of eight puppies. According to Professor Mayumi Itoh, the real reason the puppy was named Hachi has not been conclusively proven. Additional theories Itoh mentions are that Hachi was a popular name for dogs at the time, and that it means 'good fortune'. Itoh offers this explanation as being more plausible:

The key information came from the four Akita puppies that Ueno had raised previously. They were named Tarō, Tarō II (or Jirō, depending on the source), Gorō, and Roku (or Rokurō). Tarō was the most common name for the first-born boy in Japan at that time. In turn, Jirō refers to the second-born boy. Gorō means the fifth-born boy. Roku means six, and Rokurō the sixth-born boy. Ueno most likely named the last Akita-inu Roku, because Rokurō sounds less commonly used in comparison. Following this sequence in numbers, Ueno should have named the next Akita puppy Shichi (seven) or Shichirō (the seventh-born boy). However, people native to Tokyo spoke the traditional Tokyo dialect, as some Londoners in England spoke with a Cockney accent. Many Tokyoites could not pronounce the word "shichi" articulately, and pronounced it "hichi," instead. Therefore, Ueno skipped seven, and named the puppy Hachi (eight). He omitted "rō" from Hachirō (as he had done for Rokurō), because Hachirō also sounds somewhat tongue tied. Hence, the naming of Hachi came about. This would make sense. This interpretation of the naming of Hachi has not been widely documented in existing literature on Hachi.

— Mayumi Itoh (2017, Hachikō: Solving Twenty Mysteries about the Most Famous Dog in Japan, pages: 51–53)

Hachikō is also known in Japanese as chūken Hachikō (忠犬ハチ公, 'faithful dog Hachikō' or 'loyal dog Hachikō'), with the suffix -kō (公) in the meaning of 'noble person, prince, duke, lord'; in this context, it was an affectionate addition to his name Hachi. The -kō suffix seems to have become common after a 1932 article on Hachikō appeared in The Asahi Shimbun.

Life with Ueno

Ueno was an agriculture professor at the Tokyo Imperial University and the pioneer of agricultural engineering in Japan. Contrary to what is often reported, Ueno did not pay ¥30 for Hachikō. He was a gift from Chiyomatsu Mase, a former student of his. Mase was head of the Arable Land Cultivation Section in Akita Prefecture. Mase arranged for Reizō Kurita, one of his employees, to find an Akita puppy for Ueno. Kurita moved to Akita Prefecture into the house right beside Hachikō's owners, Saitō Giichi and his wife Mura. Kurita became well acquainted with Mura and asked for a puppy for Ueno. Kurita and two companions walked the 12.5 miles (20 km) from the Saitō farm to the train station in a blizzard. Hachikō was sent in a straw bag with cookies, which he did not eat, on a train journey to live with Ueno in Shibuya, Tokyo. The puppy left Ōdate on January 14, 1924, and arrived in Tokyo on January 15, 1924, at Ueno Station, not Shibuya Station as is often reported due to a fake postcard the Shibuya stationmaster made. The arrival at Ueno Station was not firmly proven until November 1979. These details of how Hachikō came to be Ueno's pet were not known until May 1975 when Yūkichi Muraoka, executive director of the Society for the Preservation of Akita-inu, found two letters from Kurita to Saiji Giichi, Saitō Giichi's son. Saitō Giichi and Mura are also the maternal grandparents of Yasushi Akashi, a former United Nations Under-Secretary-General, the only Japanese person to hold such a position.

Upon arrival in Tokyo, Hachikō was at first thought to be dead, due to an exhausting bumpy train ride through mountains in the winter, but Ueno and his common law wife, Yaeko Sakano, were able to bring him back to health after six months. The exhausting train journey may have been the cause of Hachikō's chronic illnesses. Ueno doted on the dog, allowing Hachikō to sleep indoors and under his Western-style bed, raising him with affectionate care. Hachikō had digestive problems, causing diarrhea, for his whole life, so Ueno and Yaeko followed a strict dietary regimen for him. Ueno commuted daily to work and Hachikō left the house to greet him at the end of the day at Shibuya Station. Locals and station staff soon became familiar with the pair and observed the dog's daily routine. The pair continued the daily routine until May 21, 1925, when Ueno did not return. Ueno had died of a cerebral aneurysm infarction while in the office of a colleague, Hiroaki Yoshikawa, not while giving a lecture nor in a faculty meeting, though he had been at a faculty meeting that morning.

Multiple moves

That evening, Hachikō went to Shibuya Station as usual, but Ueno never returned. Hachikō, not understanding that his owner had died, showed up as usual in the evening and waited for Ueno's return. When Ueno failed to come home, Hachikō acted distressed and sniffed and paced around Ueno's empty house. On May 21, the day Ueno died, Yaeko wrapped Ueno's blood-stained shirt inside a futon and placed it in outdoor storage. The next day, May 22, Hachikō went missing. A servant found him in the outdoor storage three days later, on May 24. Hachikō had not eaten anything. Ueno's wake was held at his home on May 25 and Hachikō stayed under Ueno's coffin. The next day, May 26, Hachikō went back to Shibuya Station to wait for Ueno. Despite having been with Ueno only about 15 months, Hachikō waited for Ueno, "commuting" almost daily for the next nine and half years, and eventually attracted the attention of others. Many people who visited the Shibuya train station saw Hachikō daily. In the weeks that followed, Yaeko and colleagues made arrangements for the dog's care. Hachikō was given to new caretakers numerous times, and sent to the countryside briefly, but repeatedly escaped or wandered back to the Shibuya area. There is little verified information about Hachikō between 1925 and 1928 and much of that is contradictory.

Ueno's students were so loyal to him that they had built a vacation home for him and Yaeko. He had also adopted a daughter, Tsuruko. Tsuruko had married Yasushi Sakano and they had at least one child, a girl named Hisako, born in February 1924, nickname Chako-chan. Ueno's passing was financially devastating for Yaeko and Tsuruko. Ueno's students sold the vacation house since Yaeko could not inherit it since they were never legally married, and used the proceeds to build a house in Tsurumaki in Setagaya ward in Shibuya and support the surviving family. These events took about two years and resulting upheaval was also hard on Hachikō, which is why there is so little verified information on him during this time.

Ueno and Yaeko had two other dogs, an English Pointer named John and a black mix named Esu. Yaeko had to move out of their home in early July 1925, two months after Ueno's death. She could only take one dog to this rental home, Esu; apparently because she could not ask relatives to take care of him because he was aggressive. John and Hachikō went to a relative, Watanabe, who ran a kimono shop in Tokyo, where they were kept tied up all day, except for one walk a day. This stay only lasted a couple weeks and Hachikō went to Sada, Yaeko's elder sister, and her husband, Nenokichi Takahashi, in mid-July. Hachikō never saw John again. Takahashi ran a business making barbershop chairs. They had a dog simply named "S", who got along well with Hachikō. This family lived in the Asakusa ward of Tokyo. While the Takahashi's took good medical and dietary care of Hachikō, they kept him tied up in the backyard all day to a barber chair and his diarrhea problems continued. According to The Tale of Loyal Dog Hachi-kō (1934), by Kazutoshi Kishi, one day Hachikō broke free of his nailed-down leash and got involved in a fight with others. Several spectators hit Hachikō with tools and wanted to kill him, but Kōichirō – son of the Takahashis – stopped them. According to Kishi, Hachikō stayed with the Takahashis until the summer or early fall of 1927. Hachikō then went to live with Yaeko in the house Ueno's student built for her in Setagaya. Here, he was allowed to roam free again, but he trampled farm fields and did not get along well with Esu. Much of Kishi's story is considered fiction and non-credible.

In the Anthology of Hachi-kō Literature (1991), Masaharu Hayashi relates the story of Tomokichi Kobayashi, the younger brother of Ueno's gardener, Kikusaburō Kobayashi, known as "Kiku-san". Tomokichi lived in Kikusaburō's house during this time. Tomokichi states Hachikō only lived in Asakusa one month, but confirms he was tied to barber chair in the Takahashis' backyard. As it was clear Hachikō was unhappy, Yaeko asked Kikusaburō to take care of him. When Tomokichi went to pick up Hachikō from the Takahashis in Asakusa, Hachikō was elated and according to Tomokichi, Hachikō knew he was going home to Shibuya. By this time, Hachikō was so large no one could force him to move. Halfway back to Shibuya, Hachikō was exhausted and famished so he sat down and would not move. Tomokichi found a restaurant and fed Hachikō, so they continued the journey to Shibuya. There is also a report by a local historian, Kichiji Watanabe, of Hachikō being back in Shibuya near the Kobayashi residence April 1926, well before Yaeko's new home in Setagaya was completed. The Kobayashi home was near the Shibuya Station. Tomokichi also denies a story that Hachikō broke free from the home in Asakusa and ran back to Ueno's former residence. In addition to being Ueno's gardener, Kikusaburō was also his handyman and did chores and errands for him. Ueno was away convalescing when Hachikō arrived in Tokyo. He had asked his adopted daughter, Tsuruko, to pick up Hachikō, but Kikusaburō is the person who picked Hachikō up at Ueno Station on January 15, 1924. He knew Hachikō from his gardening work, had played with him, and his home was a mere 20-minute walk from Shibuya Station. In the summer of 1925, Yaeko made the hard decision to gift Hachikō to Kikusaburō as she knew he would be happy there. It is possible, but unproven, that Hachikō lived with Yaeko one or more times during these moves. Tomokichi's report is considered credible.

Despite the disruptions of moving around and not always being well treated, as soon as Hachikō moved in with the Kobayashis, he resumed traveling to Shibuya Station almost daily. Each day regardless of the weather conditions, he appeared in front of the station's ticket gates, appearing precisely at the same spot and time when the train was due to arrive. Kikusaburō had a son, Sadao, who was born January 5, 1924, ten days before Hachikō arrived in Tokyo, so they grew up together. In 1990, Hayashi also interviewed Sadao for his book Anthology of Hachi-kō Literature. Sadao reported that his father was devoted to Hachikō as a living memento of Ueno and treated him better than he treated his own children. Sadao also relates that Hachikō was so big that people were often afraid of him and that Hachikō was very afraid of the sound of guns, thunder, and lightning. Guns could be heard at their home from the nearby Yoyogi Military Exercise Field, which sent Hachikō hiding in the children's room closet, which he also did when he heard lightning. If the sound of guns or lightning occurred when Hachikō was not at home, he would run into anyone's home to hide. But Hachikō loved snow. He would slide downhill in snow, using his head and neck to steer. Tomokichi remembered Hachikō fondly and loved spending time with him. He also says Ueno fed Hachikō raw meat, which may have caused Hachikō's dirofilariasis (heartworm). Tomokichi also denies the claims Ueno took Hachikō to classes, as Ueno knew some people were afraid of dogs.

In the spring of 1929, Hachikō developed a case of the mange so bad that he lost all his hair and almost died. The Kobayashi family refused to give up on him and Hachikō eventually recovered. Prior to this Hachikō's left ear drooped slightly as a result of a dog fight. After this, his left ear drooped even more than it had before. By 1933, Hachikō was getting old and the Kobayashis built a wooden bed with straw for him to stay in at Shibuya Station to help protect him from the winter cold. He kept "commuting" to the station until he started having trouble walking, which was about three months before he died. Afterwards, he would sometimes stay at Shibuya Station overnight. While they took excellent care of Hachikō, the Kobayashis felt he was usually sad, not acting quite the same as when Ueno was alive. In addition to being known for stopping dog fights, Hachikō was known to be calm, gentle, composed, and dignified.

While the Kobayashi brothers adored Hachikō, they were busy with their work, so they let him roam free. He went to Shibuya Station every morning around 9am and return between 5–6 pm. Thus began Hachikō's solo routine.

Some vendors near Shibuya Station are known to have fed Hachikō and been kind to him. However, initially most people were not so friendly. Hachikō, seen as a stray and nuisance because he was always alone, was mistreated by most station workers, vendors, passengers, and children by acts such as being kicked, hit, pushed, having marks put on his face, and yakitori vendors pouring water on his face. Because he was usually considered a stray and his collars were often stolen, Hachikō was caught by dog catchers several times. Fortunately, one of the policemen knew him and would return him to the Kobayashi family. In either 1931 or 1932, a policeman was chasing a thief through the station but the policeman lost the thief in the crowd. Hachikō found the thief in the crowd and the policeman arrested him. Afterwards, some people at the station started treating Hachikō better, but the abuse did not fully stop. In January 1934, a group of fourth-grade girls from the nearby Uguisudani Elementary School wrote a letter to Stationmaster Tadaichi Yoshikawa in which they donated money for Hachikō's statue and reported that they had recently seen a slightly older boy kick and step on Hachikō and a station employee pour water on him in the winter. Despite this abuse, Hachikō kept coming almost every day. He normally walked with his head down and looked as if he was in mourning.

Hirokichi Saitō was a descendant of samurai and trained in fine art. He founded the Society for the Preservation of Japanese Dogs in May 1928 and studied Akitas and other breeds native to Japan. In July 1928, he saw Hachikō in front of a tea shop and tried to catch him, offering rice crackers, but Hachikō kept running off. Eventually, Hachikō ran into Kikuzaburō's house and Saitō learned about Hachikō's life. Saitō then realized he had seen Hachikō twice before when he was horseback riding while a student, in 1924 and 1925. A month later, in August 1928, Saitō published his first issue of the Registry of Japanese Dogs, which includes the first written record of Hachikō:

Hachi must have missed the late Dr. Ueno Hidesaburō very much. Soon after Hachi was taken to the house of Dr. Ueno's widow's kin in Asakusa, Hachi was found at the former residence of Dr. Ueno ... After Hachi had moved into Mr. Kobayashi Kikusaburō's house, Hachi stopped going to the former Ueno residence, probably because he realized that the Ueno family was gone and a different family lived there. Therefore, Hachi seemed to miss Shibuya Station the most. Whenever Mr. Kobayashi unleashed Hachi, he went straight to Shibuya Station.

— Mayumi Itoh (2017, Hachikō: Solving Twenty Mysteries about the Most Famous Dog in Japan, page: 100)

Saitō also wrote:

When Hachi moved into the Kobayashi residence, a newspaper deliveryman who lived in the neighborhood cared for Hachi, and gave him good amount of exercise. But he died soon afterward in a traffic accident. After that, Kobayashi alone could not give Hachi enough exercise, and ended up letting him go free. Then, Hachi went straight to Shibuya Station and this became a routine. Hachi left the Kobayashi residence in the morning and came back in the evening. He kept this routine every day ... There was also a person in the neighborhood of Shibuya Station, who was kind to Hachi before he became famous. This person, about age 30, worked at a stationery store across the street from the police station, which was under the railroad tracks. I saw him often giving Hachi water. I met him and asked him to take care of Hachi, but this person died soon. Strangely, two of the few people who were kind to Hachi before he became famous died young ... Hachi was too gentle a dog for his own good. He did not bark at other dogs or people. He only occasionally made a soft, low-pitched "woof" sound. I bought yakitori from the vendor for Hachi, and he played "paw," "sit," and "turn around" with me. When Mr. Kobayashi put an expensive collar and harness on him, people stole them right away. People also stole his ID tag, because it was considered a good-luck charm for safe childbirth. Despite the fact that Mr. Kobayashi had registered Hachi at the Yoyogi police station, dogcatchers mistook Hachi as a stray dog and caught him. This was so because people had stolen his ID tag and his collar and harness. When Hachi wandered into the small parcels room of Shibuya Station, employees smacked him and even painted graffiti on his face with Japanese ink. I once saw Hachi coming out of the station employees' room, with dark circles around his eyes, looking like he was wearing black-framed eyeglasses. His snout had curved lines, looking like he was wearing a black mustache. I also saw the yakitori vendor chasing Hachi away in the evening. I felt sorry for Hachi. He looked sad as if he were in mourning.

— Mayumi Itoh (2017, Hachikō: Solving Twenty Mysteries about the Most Famous Dog in Japan, pages: 100-102)

Saitō's research found only thirty purebred Akitas in all of Japan, including Hachikō. He returned to visit Hachikō several times and over the years he published many articles about Hachikō's steadfast loyalty. Saitō wrote a biography of Hachikō in September 1932, in Nihon-inu ('Japanese Dogs'), the newsletter of the Society for the Preservation of Japanese Dogs, reporting his description as: "going on 9, as: Name: Hachi-gō; Coat color: light yellow; Height: 64.5 centimeters (about 2 feet and 2 inches) from the ground to the shoulder; Weight: about 11 kan (41.3 kilograms or 91 pounds); and Tail: curled-up counter clockwise."

National fame

The first appearance of an article about Hachikō in Asahi Shimbun, on October 4, 1932, made him famous nationwide by highlighting his loyalty and mistreatment. Saitō had submitted the article but was not informed it was going to be printed. Its title was Itoshiya rōken monogatari: Ima wa yoninaki shujin no kaeri o machi-kaneru shichi-nenkan ('Tale of a Poor Old Dog: Patiently Waiting for Seven Years for the Dead Owner'). The journalist who wrote the article did not consult with Saitō and it is full of factual errors. Saitō got the newspaper to print a correction under the title Hachi-kō wa meiken ('Hachi-kō is a Fine [Pedigree] Dog') that ran on November 5, 1932. The original was written by a journalist who worked for a national news agency and it ran all over Japan and unexpectedly made Hachikō famous. People started to bring Hachikō food while he waited. Teachers and parents used Hachikō as an example for children to follow. Teru Andō built a sculpture of the dog. All over Japan a keener awareness of the Akita breed grew. Hachikō's faithfulness also became a national symbol of loyalty.

On November 6, 1932, Hachikō was one of only two dogs invited as guests to the first Japanese Dog Show in Ginza-Matsuya, a large Tokyo department store. Hachikō refused to get in the taxi for Kikusaburō to ride to the show until Yaeko came. Hachikō was very composed and popular at the show. Many people came just to see him. Shinpa theater actor Masao Inoue became a fan of Hachikō and fed him.

In June 1933, sculptor Teru Andō visited Saitō to confer about making a plaster statue of Hachikō. Andō was on the sculpture jury of the Imperial Fine Arts Academy. Andō and Saitō had known each other at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts (currently Tokyo University of the Arts). Andō felt Hachikō had a special aura and was mesmerized by him. Andō decided to make the statue accurate, with the left ear drooping, rather than as an idealized Akita, which caused some backlash. The statue was well received at the exhibition.

As Hachikō's fame grew, so did the number of people coming to see him at the station. Consequently, on September 9, 1933, Stationmaster Yoshikawa hired a man named Satō (surname, given name not known) to take care of Hachikō. Saitō had checked Hachikō's ID tag but no one at the station bothered to until November 17, 1933, when Stationmaster Yoshikawa had Satō to do so. Satō found the ID tag No. Yo-125 on his collar. "Yo" indicates the Yoyogi police station. Despite not having shown interest in Hachikō before, such as not checking his ID tag, Yoshikawa started faking documents to capitalize on his fame. Satō kept a six-volume journal about Hachikō titled Chūken Hachi-kō kiroku ('Record of Loyal Dog Hachi-kō'), consisting of two three-volume sets. The first covers the time up to his death and is titled Shōten ('Ascent to Heaven'). The second set, titled Dōzō ('Bronze Statue') covers the making of his statue. The Shibuya Station building burned during a World War II air raid on May 25, 1945. Satō's journal survived the many wartime Tokyo air raids and is kept at the Society for the Maintenance of the Hachi-kō Bronze Statue, in the Japan Railways Group (JR) East Japan Shibuya stationmaster's office. Hachikō attended two more Japanese Dog Shows on November 3, 1933, and in September 1934. Both shows went well for him, but by this time he was old and very tired. On November 21, 1933, Hachikō was made a member of the Pochi Club, an international dog welfare organization and given their badge. Hachikō appeared on the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications's New Year's postcard for 1934, Year of the Dog. The card was designed by Seiho Ōuchi.

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