Identity-based encryption

Protocol framework

Dan Boneh and Matthew K. Franklin defined a set of four algorithms that form a complete IBE system:

• Setup: This algorithm is run by the PKG one time for creating the whole IBE environment. The master key is kept secret and used to derive users' private keys, while the system parameters are made public. It accepts a security parameter ${\displaystyle k}$ (i.e. binary length of key material) and outputs:

1. A set ${\displaystyle \mathcal{P}}$ of system parameters, including the message space and ciphertext space ${\displaystyle \mathcal{M}}$ and ${\displaystyle \mathcal{C}}$,
2. a master key ${\displaystyle K_m}$.

• Extract: This algorithm is run by the PKG when a user requests his private key. Note that the verification of the authenticity of the requestor and the secure transport of ${\displaystyle d}$ are problems with which IBE protocols do not try to deal. It takes as input ${\displaystyle \mathcal{P}}$, ${\displaystyle K_m}$ and an identifier ${\displaystyle ID\in {\left\{0,1\right\}}^{\ast }}$ and returns the private key ${\displaystyle d}$ for user ${\displaystyle ID}$.
• Encrypt: Takes ${\displaystyle \mathcal{P}}$, a message ${\displaystyle m\in \mathcal{M}}$ and ${\displaystyle ID\in {\left\{0,1\right\}}^{\ast }}$ and outputs the encryption ${\displaystyle c\in \mathcal{C}}$.
• Decrypt: Accepts ${\displaystyle d}$, ${\displaystyle \mathcal{P}}$ and ${\displaystyle c\in \mathcal{C}}$ and returns ${\displaystyle m\in \mathcal{M}}$.

Correctness constraint

In order for the whole system to work, one has to postulate that:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{\forall }m\in \mathcal{M},ID\in {\left\{0,1\right\}}^{\ast }:\mathrm{D}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{t}\left(\mathrm{E}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\left(\mathcal{P},K_m,ID\right),\mathcal{P},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{t}\left(\mathcal{P},m,ID\right)\right)=m}$

Encryption schemes

The most efficient identity-based encryption schemes are currently based on bilinear pairings on elliptic curves, such as the Weil or Tate pairings. The first of these schemes was developed by Dan Boneh and Matthew K. Franklin (2001), and performs probabilistic encryption of arbitrary ciphertexts using an Elgamal-like approach. Though the Boneh-Franklin scheme is provably secure, the security proof rests on relatively new assumptions about the hardness of problems in certain elliptic curve groups.

Another approach to identity-based encryption was proposed by Clifford Cocks in 2001. The Cocks IBE scheme is based on well-studied assumptions (the quadratic residuosity assumption) but encrypts messages one bit at a time with a high degree of ciphertext expansion. Thus it is highly inefficient and impractical for sending all but the shortest messages, such as a session key for use with a symmetric cipher.

A third approach to IBE is through the use of lattices.

Identity-based encryption algorithms

The following lists practical identity-based encryption algorithms

• Boneh–Franklin (BF-IBE).
• Sakai–Kasahara (SK-IBE).
• Boneh–Boyen (BB-IBE).

All these algorithms have security proofs.

Advantages

One of the major advantages of any identity-based encryption scheme is that if there are only a finite number of users, after all users have been issued with keys the third party's secret can be destroyed. This can take place because this system assumes that, once issued, keys are always valid (as this basic system lacks a method of key revocation). The majority of derivatives of this system which have key revocation lose this advantage.

Moreover, as public keys are derived from identifiers, IBE eliminates the need for a public key distribution infrastructure. The authenticity of the public keys is guaranteed implicitly as long as the transport of the private keys to the corresponding user is kept secure (authenticity, integrity, confidentiality).

Apart from these aspects, IBE offers interesting features emanating from the possibility to encode additional information into the identifier. For instance, a sender might specify an expiration date for a message. He appends this timestamp to the actual recipient's identity (possibly using some binary format like X.509). When the receiver contacts the PKG to retrieve the private key for this public key, the PKG can evaluate the identifier and decline the extraction if the expiration date has passed. Generally, embedding data in the ID corresponds to opening an additional channel between sender and PKG with authenticity guaranteed through the dependency of the private key on the identifier.

Drawbacks

• If a Private Key Generator (PKG) is compromised, all messages protected over the entire lifetime of the public–private key pair used by that server are also compromised. This makes the PKG a high-value target to adversaries. To limit the exposure due to a compromised server, the master private-public key pair could be updated with a new independent key pair. However, this introduces a key-management problem where all users must have the most recent public key for the server.
• Because the Private Key Generator (PKG) generates private keys for users, it may decrypt and/or sign any message without authorization. This implies that IBS systems cannot be used for non-repudiation. This may not be an issue for organizations that host their own PKG and are willing to trust their system administrators and do not require non-repudiation.
• The issue of implicit key escrow does not exist with the current PKI system, wherein private keys are usually generated on the user's computer. Depending on the context key escrow can be seen as a positive feature (e.g., within Enterprises). A number of variant systems have been proposed which remove the escrow including certificate-based encryption, secret sharing, secure key issuing cryptography and certificateless cryptography.
• A secure channel between a user and the Private Key Generator (PKG) is required for transmitting the private key on joining the system. Here, a SSL-like connection is a common solution for a large-scale system. It is important to observe that users that hold accounts with the PKG must be able to authenticate themselves. In principle, this may be achieved through username, password or through public key pairs managed on smart cards.
• IBE solutions may rely on cryptographic techniques that are insecure against code breaking quantum computer attacks (see Shor's algorithm).