Kaithi

History

Documents in Kaithi are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the Mughal period. In the 1880s, during the British Raj, the script was recognised as the official script of the law courts of Bihar. Kaithi was the most widely used script of North India west of Bengal. In 1854, 77,368 school primers were in Kaithi script, as compared to 25,151 in Devanagari and 24,302 in Mahajani. Among the three scripts widely used in the 'Hindi Belt', Kaithi was widely perceived to be neutral, as it was used by both Hindus and Muslims alike for day-to-day correspondence, financial and administrative activities, while Devanagari was used by Hindus and Persian script by Muslims for religious literature and education. This made Kaithi increasingly unfavorable to the more conservative and religiously inclined members of society who insisted on Devanagari-based and Persian-based transcription of Hindi dialects. As a result of their influence and due to the wide availability of Devanagari type as opposed to the incredibly large variability of Kaithi, Devanagari was promoted, particularly in the Northwest Provinces, which covers present-day Uttar Pradesh.

In the late 19th century, John Nesfield in Oudh, George Campbell of Inverneill in Bihar and a committee in Bengal all advocated for the use of Kaithi script in education. Many legal documents were written in Kaithi, and from 1950 to 1954 it was the official legal script of Bihar district courts. Present day Bihar courts struggle to read old Kaithi documents.

Classes

On the basis of local variants Kaithi can be divided into three classes viz. Bhojpuri, Magahi and Trihuti.

Bhojpuri

This was used in Bhojpuri speaking regions and was considered as the most legible style of Kaithi.

Magahi

Native to Magah or Magadh it lies between Bhojpuri and Trihuti.

Tirhuti

It was used in Maithili speaking regions and was considered as the most elegant style.

Vowels

Kaithi vowels have independent (initial) and dependent (diacritic) forms:

Diacritics

Several diacritics are employed to change the meaning of letters:

Consonants

Consonants are called Kakahārā (𑂍𑂍𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰) in Kaithi. The formal Sanskrit-based terminology Vyanjan (𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂖𑂹𑂔𑂢) is also used sometimes. All Kaithi consonants have an inherent /a/ vowel:

Notes:

Consonant Ligatures

In the Kaithi script, conjunct consonant ligatures called Sanyuktakshar ( 𑂮𑂁𑂨𑂳𑂍𑂹𑂞𑂰𑂓𑂩, romanised: Sanyuktachhar ), are generally less complex and standardised than those found in Devanagari, because of the morphology of the languages Kaithi is written in. In spoken Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Awadhi, there is significant simplification of consonant clusters through metathesis. Complex phonemes like /ksha/ (Dev: क्ष / Kthi: 𑂍𑂹𑂭 ) from Sanskrit are instead replaced by simpler phonemes like /cha/ (𑂓).

• Example 1: The word karma (Dev: कर्म) becomes karam (Kthi: 𑂍𑂩𑂧)
• Example 2: The word Sanyuktakshar (Dev: संयुक्ताक्षर) becomes Sanyuktachhar (Kthi: 𑂮𑂁𑂨𑂳𑂍𑂹𑂞𑂰𑂓𑂩)

The second reason is Kaithi's orthographic nature. Because Kaithi was optimised by removing the shirorekha, to efficiently and rapidly transcribe information through continuous rapid strokes, historically, scribes have often avoided complex conjunct forms. Instead, they preferred to write the consonants sequentially, using an explicit virama (𑂹) to suppress the inherent vowel. However, ligated forms also exist, particularly in the Tirhuti class of Kaithi.

Example: The conjunct mba can be rendered as:

• 𑂧 + 𑂹 + 𑂥 → 𑂧𑂹‌𑂥

the same conjunct mba can be ligated as:

• 𑂧 + 𑂹 + 𑂥 → 𑂧𑂹𑂥

When ligatures are employed, they typically follow two primary structural patterns:

• Vertical Stacking: The trailing consonant is written directly below the leading consonant. This method is predominantly used for homorganic nasals and geminates.

• Half-Forms: The distinctive right vertical stem of the leading consonant is removed, and the remaining left half is joined horizontally to the subsequent consonant

Common Double Consonants

Geminates are among the most frequently encountered ligatures in historical Kaithi manuscripts. They can be ligated or unligated, depending upon the scribe.

Rhotic Ligation

Similar to Devanagari, when the consonant /ɾa/ (𑂩) is part of a conjunct, it takes on a specialised reduced shape depending on its position in the consonant cluster.

• Initial consonant (Repha): When /ɾa/ precedes another consonant like in /ɾma/, it is written as a repha (𑂩𑂵𑂤). In Kaithi, the repha is a small, curved stroke placed above and slightly to the right of the following consonant. Because Kaithi was often written rapidly without a shirorekha, the exact placement of the repha could float somewhat loosely above the character it modified.

• Second consonant (Rakar): When /ɾa/ follows another consonant like in /pɾa/, it is written as a rakar (𑂩𑂍𑂰𑂩). For characters with a vertical right stem like /pa/ (𑂣) or /ka/ (𑂍), the rakar is usually a short, diagonal stroke attached to the lower half of that stem. For characters lacking a straight right stem like /ʈa/ (𑂗), the rakar often attaches to the bottom of the letterform.

Below is a comprehensive table of all 1225 possible biconsonantal Kaithi conjunct clusters. The derived characters /ɽ/ (𑂚) and /ɽʱ/ (𑂜) have also been included. Some of the ligated conjuncts may not be viable combinations in any language.

Vowel diacritics

The following table shows the list of vowel diacritics on consonants.

Signs and punctuation

Kaithi has several script-specific punctuation marks:

General punctuation is also used with Kaithi:

• + plus sign can be used to mark phrase boundaries
• ‐ hyphen and - hyphen-minus can be used for hyphenation
• ⸱ word separator middle dot can be used as a word boundary (as can a hyphen)

Numerals

Kaithi uses stylistic variants of Devanagari numeral. It also uses common Indic number signs for fractions and unit marks.

Sample text

The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, written in various languages using the Kaithi script:

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Bhojpuri:

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂥𑂯𑂱 𑂪𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂢𑂱 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂵𑂪𑂰 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂯𑂫𑂵 𑃀 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂃𑂢𑂹𑂞:𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂞𑂰 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂒𑂰𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂵𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂪𑂰 𑃁

Magadhi:

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १. - 𑂮𑂥 𑂪𑂷𑂏 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧 𑂪𑂵𑂥 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂮𑂥 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩𑂵 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂄𑂡𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂢 𑂯𑂆 𑃀 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂹𑂨𑂹𑂫𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂐𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂄𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂹𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂥 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩। 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂹𑂍𑂰 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂔𑂰𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂣𑂛𑂹𑂪 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩 𑃁

Maithili:

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂦 𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂫 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂞𑂂 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩 𑂃𑂓𑂱' 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂏𑂩𑂱𑂧𑂰 𑂄 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩𑂧𑂵 𑂮𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂃𑂓𑂱'𑃀 𑂮𑂦𑂍𑂵𑂀 𑂃𑂣𑂢–𑂃𑂣𑂢 𑂥𑂳𑂠𑂹𑂡𑂱 𑂄 𑂫𑂱𑂫𑂵𑂍 𑂓𑂶𑂍 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂮𑂦𑂍𑂵𑂀 𑂉𑂍 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰𑂍 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂞𑂱 𑂮𑂸𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂹𑂠𑂣𑂴𑂩𑂹𑂝 𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂥𑂰𑂍 𑂒𑂰𑂯𑂲 𑃁

Angika:

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂥𑂹𑂦𑂵 𑂧𑂢𑂳𑂭𑂹𑂣 𑂍𑂵 𑂏𑂸𑂩𑂫 𑂄𑂩𑂴 𑂄𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂩𑂰 𑂮𑂁𑂠𑂩𑂹𑂦 𑂧𑂁 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂔𑂰𑂞 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂁𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂞𑂰 𑂫 𑂮𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂞𑂰 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂓𑂶 𑃀 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂰 𑂮𑂥 𑂍𑂵 𑂃𑂁𑂞𑂩𑂰𑂞𑂹𑂧𑂰 𑂩𑂰 𑂠𑂵𑂢 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂓𑂶 𑂄𑂩𑂴 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂰 𑂣𑂩𑂮𑂹𑂣𑂩 𑂥𑂁𑂡𑂳𑂞𑂰 𑂩𑂰 𑂦𑂰𑂫 𑂮𑂁 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂰𑂦𑂰𑂫 𑂍𑂩𑂢𑂰 𑂒𑂰𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰 𑃁

Hindi:

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १. 𑂮𑂦𑂲 𑂧𑂢𑂳𑂭𑂹𑂨 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧 𑂮𑂵 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂧𑂩𑂹𑂨𑂰𑂠𑂰 𑂌𑂩 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩𑂷𑂁 𑂧𑂵𑂁 𑂮𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂯𑂷𑂞𑂵 𑂯𑂶𑂁𑃀 𑂫𑂵 𑂞𑂩𑂹𑂍 𑂌𑂩 𑂫𑂱𑂫𑂵𑂍 𑂮𑂵 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂣𑂢𑂹𑂢 𑂯𑂶𑂁 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂇𑂢𑂹𑂯𑂵𑂁 𑂦𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂞𑃂𑂞𑂹𑂫 𑂍𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂫𑂢𑂰 𑂮𑂵 𑂣𑂩𑂮𑂹𑂣𑂩 𑂍𑂵 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂞𑂱 𑂍𑂰𑂩𑂹𑂨 𑂍𑂩𑂢𑂰 𑂒𑂰𑂯𑂱𑂉 𑃁

Unicode

Kaithi script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

The Unicode block for Kaithi is U+11080–U+110CF: