Kaurava
100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and Gandhari in the epic Mahabharata
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Etymology
The term Kauravas is used in the Mahabharata with two meanings ,
- The wider meaning is used to represent all the descendants of Kuru. This meaning, which includes the Pandav brothers, is often used in the earlier parts of popular renditions of the Mahabharata.
- The narrower but more common meaning is used to represent the elder line of the descendants of Kuru. This restricts it to the children of King Dhritarashtra, excluding the children of his younger brother, Pandu, whose children form the Pandava line.
The rest of this article deals with the Kaurava in the narrower sense, that is, the children of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari. When referring to these children, a more specific term is also used – Dhārtarāṣṭra (Sanskrit: धार्तराष्ट्र), a derivative of Dhritarashtra.
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Birth of Kauravas
After Gandhari was married to Dhritarashtra, she wrapped a cloth over her eyes and vowed to share the darkness that her husband lived in. Once Sage Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa came to visit Gandhari in Hastinapur and she took great care of the comforts of the great saint and saw that he had a pleasant stay in Hastinapur. The saint was pleased with Gandhari and granted her a boon. Gandhari wished for one hundred sons who would be as powerful as her husband. Dwaipayan Vyasa granted her the boon and in due course of time, Gandhari found herself to be pregnant. But two years passed and still, the baby was not born. . After two years of pregnancy, Gandhari gave birth to a hard piece of lifeless flesh that was not a baby at all. Gandhari was devastated as she had expected a hundred sons according to the blessing of Rishi Vyasa. She was about to throw away the piece of flesh while Rishi Vyasa appeared and told her that his blessings could not have been in vain and asked Gandhari to arrange for one hundred jars to be filled with ghee. He told Gandhari that he would cut the piece of flesh into a hundred pieces and place them in the jars, which would then develop into the one hundred sons that she so desired. Gandhari told Vyasa then that she also wanted to have a daughter. Vyasa agreed, cut the piece of flesh into one hundred and one-pieces, and placed them each into a jar. After two more years of patient waiting the jars were ready to be opened and were kept in a cave. Bhima was born on the same day on which Duryodhana was born thus making them of the same age. Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva were born after Duryodhana was born.
Children of Dhritarashtra
The children of Dhritarashtra by Gandhari are also referred by a more specific and frequently encountered term - Dhārtarāṣṭra, a derivative of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Dhritarashtra).
According to the epic, Gandhari wanted a hundred sons and Vyasa granted her a boon that she would have these. Another version says that she was unable to have any children for a long time and she eventually became pregnant but did not deliver for two years, after which she gave birth to a lump of flesh. Vyasa cut this lump into a hundred and one-pieces and these eventually developed into a hundred boys and one girl.
The birth of these children is relevant to the dispute over the succession of the kingdom's throne. It attributes the late birth of Duryodhana, the eldest son of Dhritarashtra, despite his father's early marriage and legitimizes the case for his cousin Yudhishthira to claim the throne, since he could claim to be the eldest of his generation. There is an argument however that the Pandavas are all younger than Duryodhana, making him the true eldest. All the sons of Dhritarashtra (excluding Yuyutsu) were killed in the Battle of Kurukshetra.
Names of the Kauravas
The Mahabharata itself provides the list of names in order of their birth when Kuru descendant Janamejaya inquires about the names. The following list has been adapted from Section 108.1 of the Adi Parva (Critical Edition):
- Duryodhana
- Duhshasana
- Duhsaha
- Duhshala
- Jalasandha
- Sama
- Saha
- Vinda
- Anuvinda
- Durdharsha
- Subahu
- Dushpradharshana
- Durmarshana
- Durmukha
- Dushkarma
- Karna
- Vivimshati
- Vikarna
- Chitrasena
- Sulochana
- Chitra
- Upachitra
- Chitraksha
- Charuchitra
- Sharasana
- Durmada
- Dushpragaha
- Vivitsu
- Vikata
- Urnanabha
- Sunabha
- Nanda
- Upanandaka
- Senapati
- Sushena
- Kundodara
- Mahodara
- Chitrabana
- Chitravarma
- Suvarma
- Durvimochana
- Ayobahu
- Mahabahu
- Chitranga
- Chitrakundala
- Bhimavega
- Bhimabala
- Balaki
- Balavardhana
- Ugrayudha
- Bhimakarma
- Kanakayu
- Dridhayudha
- Dridhavarma
- Dridhakshatra
- Somakirti
- Anudara
- Dridhasandha
- Jarasandha
- Satyasandha
- Sadahsuvak
- Ugrashrava
- Ashvasena
- Senani
- Dushparajaya
- Aparajita
- Panditaka
- Vishalaksha
- Duravara
- Dridhahasta
- Suhasta
- Vatavega
- Suvarcha
- Adityaketu
- Bahvashi
- Nagadanta
- Ugrayayi
- Kavachi
- Nishangi
- Pashi
- Dandadhara
- Dhanurgraha
- Ugra
- Bhimaratha
- Vira
- Virabahu
- Alolupa
- Abhaya
- Roudrakarma
- Dridharatha
- Anadhrishya
- Kundabhedi
- Viravi
- Dirghalochana
- Dirghabahu
- Mahabahu
- Vyudhoru
- Kanakadhvaja
- Kundashi
- Viraja
All, except Yuyutsu, were born to Dhritarashtra's queen Gandhari. The Kauravas also had a sister, Duhsala.
Marriages and children of Kauravas
All the 100 Kauravas were mentioned to have wives in the Adi Parva.
In literature
Harivamsa Purana (8th century CE) narrates the Jain version of their story.
In popular culture
The term Kaurava is used as the name of a fictional planetary system in the 2008 real-time strategy video game Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War – Soulstorm, as well as the names of the system's planets.