Kyushu

Population

Kyushu has 10.1 percent of the population of Japan. Most of Kyushu's population is concentrated along the northwest, in the cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu, with population corridors stretching southwest into Sasebo and Nagasaki and south into Kumamoto and Kagoshima. Except for Oita and Miyazaki, the eastern seaboard is sparsely populated.

Politically, Kyushu is described as a stronghold of the Liberal Democratic Party.

Per Japanese census data, the Kyushu region's population with Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures) has experienced a large decline since around 2000. However, the population decline in total is mild because of the relatively high birth rate of Ryukyuans both within the Ryukyuan lands (Okinawa and Kagoshima) and throughout the Kyushu region. In addition, the other prefectures in Kyushu also have exceptionally high TFRs compared to the rest of Japan.

Designated cities

• Fukuoka (population: 1,588,924)
• Kitakyushu (population: 940,978)
• Kumamoto (population: 738,907)

Core cities

• Kagoshima
• Kurume
• Miyazaki
• Naha
• Nagasaki
• Ōita
• Saga
• Sasebo

Environment and agriculture

Parts of Kyushu have a subtropical climate, particularly Miyazaki Prefecture and Kagoshima Prefecture. Major agricultural products are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy. Silk is also widely produced.

Besides the volcanic area of the south, there are significant mud hot springs in the northern part of the island, around Beppu. The springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile microorganisms, which are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments.

There are two World Natural Heritage sites in Kyushu: Yakushima (registered in 1993) and Amami-Ōshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island (registered in 2021).

Economy

Kyushu's economy accounts for approximately 10% of Japan's total economic output, making it comparable to countries such as Iran, Norway, Austria, the United Arab Emirates, and Thailand. It is the fourth largest economic region in Japan, following the three major metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya.

Kyushu's economy has a well-balanced industrial structure, ranging from primary industries such as agriculture, to secondary industries such as manufacturing, and tertiary industries such as retail, services, and tourism. Agricultural output in the region amounts to 1.8 trillion yen (20% share of the national total), and the region is a major domestic production center for the automobile and semiconductor industries. Kyushu also has a thriving healthcare industry, including medical and nursing care, and numerous research and manufacturing facilities in the fields of hydrogen, solar power, and other renewable energies. Furthermore, Fukuoka City, Kitakyushu City and Okinawa Prefecture have been designated as National Strategic Special Zones, which are expected to have an economic ripple effect on the entire Kyushu region through the creation of innovation in industry and the promotion of new entrepreneurship and start-ups.

Kyushu is a region with strong economic ties to Asia. For example, Asia accounted for 420 (77.9%) of the 539 overseas expansion cases of Kyushu-Yamaguchi companies from 2010 to 2019, and Asia accounted for 61.1% of Kyushu-Yamaguchi's total exports in 2019, 7.4 percentage points higher than the nation as a whole. As the logistics node between Japan and Asia, the ports of Hakata and Kitakyushu handle a large number of international containers. In addition, the number of cruise ship calls in 2019 was 772, with Kyushu accounting for 26.9% of the nation's total.

Kyushu is noted for various types of porcelain, including Arita, Imari, Satsuma, and Karatsu. Heavy industry is concentrated in the north around Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, Nagasaki, and Oita and includes chemicals, automobiles, semiconductors, metal processing, shipbuilding, etc. The island of Tanegashima hosts the Tanegashima Space Center, which is the largest rocket-launch complex in Japan.

Transportation

Kyushu is linked to the larger island of Honshu by the Kanmon Railway Tunnel, which carries the non-Shinkansen trains of the Kyushu Railway Company, and the newer Shin-Kanmon Tunnel carrying the San'yō Shinkansen. Railways on the island are operated by the Kyushu Railway Company and West Japan Railway Company, as well as a variety of smaller companies such as Amagi Railway and Nishitetsu Railway. Kyushu Shinkansen trains operate between major cities on the island, such as Fukuoka and Kagoshima, with an additional route between Takeo-Onsen and Nagasaki which has been in operation since September 2022. Kyushu is also known for its scenic train services, such as the Limited Express Yufuin no Mori and Limited Express Kawasemi Yamasemi.

The Kanmon Bridge and Kanmon Roadway Tunnel also connect the island with Honshu, allowing for vehicular transport between the two. The Kyushu Expressway spans the length of the island, linking the Higashikyushu Expressway and Ibusuki Skyline, connecting major cities such as Fukuoka and Kumamoto along the way. There are also many quiet country roads, including popular tourist routes such as the Nichinan coast road and the Aso Panorama Line in Kumamoto Prefecture. Bus services are available and cover 2,400 routes within Kyushu's cities, connecting many other destinations.

Several passenger and car ferry services connect both northern and southern Kyushu with main port cities on the main island of Honshu (Kobe, Osaka, Tokyo) and Shikoku.

The island's main larger airport is served by Fukuoka Airport which provides most domestic and internationals flights. There are also smaller airports across island including Kumamoto Airport, Miyazaki Airport, Oita Airport, Saga Airport, Nagasaki Airport Kitakyushu Airport and Kagoshima Airport.

Education

Major universities and colleges in Kyushu:

• National universities
  • Fukuoka University of Education
  • Kagoshima University
  • Kumamoto University
  • Kyushu Institute of Technology
  • Kyushu University – One of seven former "Imperial Universities"
  • Miyazaki University
  • Nagasaki University
  • National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya
  • Oita University
  • Saga University
  • University of the Ryukyus
• Universities run by local governments
  • Fukuoka Prefectural University
  • Fukuoka Women's University
  • Kyushu Dental College
  • Miyazaki Municipal University
  • Miyazaki Prefectural Nursing University
  • Nagasaki Prefectural University
  • Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences
  • Okinawa Prefectural University of Arts
  • Prefectural University of Kumamoto
  • University of Kitakyushu
• Major private universities
  • Fukuoka University – University with the largest number of students in Kyushu
  • Kumamoto Gakuen University
  • Kurume University
  • Kyushu Sangyo University – Baseball team won the Japanese National Championship in 2005
  • Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
  • Seinan Gakuin University
  • University of Occupational and Environmental Health

Culture

Kyushu has maintained the strongest economic and cultural ties with Okinawa (Ryukyu) from ancient times to the present. Traces of Okinawan culture can be seen throughout Kyushu, and vice versa. Okinawan musical scales are often found in local folk songs, and there are many similarities in cuisine and language. Kyushu has a traditional instrument called the gottan, which resembles the sanshin and shamisen. Crafts of the region include Hakata-ori (博多織), Beppu bamboo crafts(別府竹細工), Kurume Kasuri (久留米絣), and Sathuma Kiriko.

People

People in Kyushu are known for being conservative even within Japan. In particular, men from Kyushu are often referred to as "Kyushu danji" (九州男児), evoking an image of being wild and strong. It is said that this term has existed since ancient times, originally used to inspire and encourage soldiers. Being from Kyushu is a source of great pride for its people. Thanks to this cultural spirit, Kyushu has preserved a rich variety of unique traditional cultures that continue to thrive today.

Food

The main features of Kyushu cuisine are the use of fresh ingredients and seasonings such as sweet soy sauce (Kyushu soy sauce) and barley miso, which differ from those used in Honshu.

Each region has its own culinary characteristics: seafood-based dishes are prominent in the north, while meat dishes are more common in the south.

• Fukuoka – Hakata ramen, gameni, motsunabe, kashiwa-meshi, okyu-to (おきゅうと)
• Saga – tsunkī dago jiru, noppe jiru, funanko-gui (ふなんこぐい), noppe jiru (のっぺ汁)
• Nagasaki – Nagasaki champon, sara udon, rokube (ろくべえ), Omura-zushi (大村寿司)
• Oita – dango jiru (だんご汁), ami-meshi (あみめし), kirasu-meshi (きらすまめし), toriten, hocho (鮑腸)
• Kumamoto – nankan-age maki-zushi (南関あげ巻き寿司), takana zuke (高菜漬け), karashi renkon (からし蓮根), dago jiru (だご汁)
• Miyazaki – nishime, chicken nanban (鶏南蛮), na-dōfu (菜豆腐), hiyajiru (冷や汁), hie-zushi (稗ずーしー)
• Kagoshima – keihan, Abura-zōmen, satsuma-sumoji (さつますもじ), buri-daikon (ぶり大根), gane (がね)
• Okinawa – goyā champurū, Okinawa soba, rafutē, kufājiushi (クファジューシー)

Sweets

Confectionery in Kyushu tends to use more sugar compared to other regions of Japan. This is because Kyushu has historically had close ties with Okinawa (Ryukyu), a major producer of sugar. As a result, many traditional sweets from Kyushu incorporate characteristics of Ryukyuan culture.

• Karukan (かるかん)
• Umegae Mochi (梅ヶ枝餅)
• Ikinari Dango (いきなり団子)
• Jiriyaki (じり焼き)
• Ogi Yōkan (小城羊羹)
• Kurobo (黒棒)
• Kashamochi (かしゃもち)
• Imo manju (いも饅頭)
• Akumaki (あくまき)
• Yubeshi（柚餅子）
• Sake Manjū (酒まんじゅう)

Musical instruments

In Kyushu, there exists a traditional stringed instrument known as the gottan (ゴッタン), which developed independently within the region's unique cultural and geographic context. The instrument is considered to be a midpoint between the shamisen of mainland Japan and the sanshin of Okinawa, incorporating characteristics of both. Structurally, it resembles the sanshin more closely—for example, it lacks the sawari, a buzzing mechanism found in the shamisen. This absence, along with its simplified wooden box construction and single string, aligns it with the more minimalistic design typical of southern instruments.

Musically, the gottan is sometimes used to perform melodies that reflect the Ryukyuan pentatonic scale, suggesting a subtle but notable influence from Okinawan musical traditions. While it remains a distinct and localized folk instrument of Kyushu, its sound and structure reveal traces of a broader cultural exchange within the southern Japanese archipelago, embodying a hybrid identity between the mainland and the Ryukyus.

• Gottan (ゴッタン)
• Sanshin (三線)
• Chikuzen Biwa (筑前琵琶)
• Sathuma Biwa (薩摩琵琶)
• Thuchibue (土笛)
• Iwabue (石笛)

World Heritage Sites

• Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, registered in 2000
• Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining, registered in 2015
• Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region, registered in 2017
• Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region, registered in 2018

Sports

Historically some Kyushu-based sports team has competed in the top Japanese division of baseball (NPB), football (soccer) (J.League), basketball (B.League) or even rugby union (League One). Currently the major teams competing in Kyushu's major cities include:

• Fukuoka: Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (baseball); Avispa Fukuoka, Giravanz Kitakyushu (football); Rizing Zephyr Fukuoka (basketball); Kyuden Voltex (Rugby)
• Saga: Sagan Tosu (football); Saga Ballooners (basketball)
• Nagasaki: V-Varen Nagasaki (football); Nagasaki Velca (basketball)
• Kumamoto: Roasso Kumamoto (football); Kumamoto Volters (basketball)
• Ōita: Oita Trinita (football)
• Miyazaki: Tegevajaro Miyazaki (football)
• Kagoshima: Kagoshima United FC (football); Kagoshima Rebnise (basketball)
• Okinawa: FC Ryukyu (football); Ryukyu Golden Kings (basketball)