Ladin Dolomitan
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The contract to work on the project was given in 1988 by representatives from the Dolomite Ladins to the Zurich Professor Heinrich Schmid, who had previously designed the Dachsprache Rumantsch Grischun written language. Schmid accepted this challenge and in 1998 he published for standard Ladin its Guidelines for the Development of a Common Written Language of the Dolomite Ladins (Wegleitung für den Aufbau einer gemeinsamen Schriftsprache der Dolomitenladiner), in which the outlines for the new written language were presented. All written forms of Ladin Dolomitan words are carried over from spoken forms already existing in the spoken dialects based on a principle of the lowest common denominator in language formation. Its popularity within the Ladin community varies by valley and dialect spoken.
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Goals and current status
The goal of Ladin Dolomitan is not to replace or displace the existing Ladin languages of the different valleys but rather to serve as a Dachsprache and standard language for communication between speakers of the different dialects. This may also reduce the administrative burden of authorities and organization, which are not only linked to a single valley. For example, it allows for the administration of the South Tyrol to use a single Ladin language form for the communities in Val Gardena and Val Badia. Today, some institutions, such as the Union Generela di Ladins dles Dolomites (the umbrella organization of the Sella Ladin), the Comunanza Ladina de Bulsan, and the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, use Ladin Dolomitan as the default language in their publications.
Phonology
Morphology
Articles
Example: l pere 'the father', n pere 'a father', la ciasa 'the house', na ciasa 'a house'
Plurals
Ladin dolomitan like other West Romance languages uses the sigmatic plural.
- In general, words ending in a consonant use -es: volp – volpes – pel – peles;
- words ending in -a or -e use -es: roda – rodes;
- words ending in -n or in a stressed vowel (-é, -ù etc.) use -s: man – mans;
- words ending in -f use -ves: sief – sieves; and
- words ending in -sc use the plural suffix -jes: ousc – oujes.
Additionally, there are some irregular forms: pe – piesc etc.
Comparative
The comparative is formed using plu ('more') + adjective: vedla ('old') – plu vedla ('older'). Superlatives are formed using a comparative preceded by the corresponding article: la plu vedla ('the oldest'). There is a negative comparative, too, using manco ('few'): la manco vedla} ('the least oldest' = 'the youngest').
Pronouns
The second person plural beginning in a majuscule Vos is used as a polite form in singular too.
Ladin is not a pro-drop language, the unstressed personal pronoun is never omitted (e.g.: al pluev 'it rains'). There is an unpersonal pronoun in singular an. The stressed pronouns are used to stress the agent. Ladin uses special enclitic pronouns for questions:
E.g. the sentence Tu ciantes ('You sing') changes to Cianteste? ('Do you sing?')
Verbal Morphology
Conjungation of regular verbs on -é (lat. -are) in present tense:
Orthography
The proposed orthographic conventions largely follow the Italian orthography. It is compatible with the unified orthography for the ladin dialects.