Lang Rongrien Rock Shelter
Historic site in Thailand
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Hoabinhian habitation sites are most often found in rock shelters, and are found all across southeast Asia. The Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers who lived at the Lang Rongrien rock shelter used the site as a temporary habitation site, inhabited on a seasonal basis. Karen Mudar and Douglas Anderson found that freshwater turtle made up almost half of all the fauna from the levels before the Last Glacial Maximum, with few ungulates and almost no pig or primate bone. They read the emphasis on turtle as a measure of how easily it could be taken, and the site as visited only intermittently, perhaps within a seasonal movement between the coast and the interior of the peninsula. There are multiple generations of inhabitance at Lang Rongrien. The oldest use for the rock shelter was as a campground for hunters in the late Pleistocene epoch. In the early Holocene epoch the rock shelter was also used for habitation. The last time the site was inhabited about 4,000 years ago it was used again as a campground, but was also used as a grave site. All of these distinct periods of habitation at the rock shelter contain periods of time in-between when no one seemingly inhabited the site at all.
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Archaeological findings
Cultural deposit layers
The excavated areas of the Lang Rongrien rock shelter have been divided into ten stratigraphic layers, or cultural deposit layers, that tell archaeologists what was happening there and when. The 10th and lowest cultural deposit layer does not contain any artifacts. The eighth and ninth layers are similar to each other, with charcoal remains, stone artifacts and flakes, and animal bones that are scattered about among these layers. Those artifacts are also seen in concentrated areas around campfires. Lang Rongrien has little waste flaking and a higher proportion of used pieces, which Rabett and Barker take as evidence that little tool-making was done on site. At Lang Kamnan Cave in western Thailand, by contrast, the whole sequence of tool reduction is present. The seventh layer is composed entirely of limestone that is broken apart. Archaeologists have concluded that this is because of some kind of geological process, though what exactly is unclear. The most likely answer is that the roof of the cave collapsed, leaving this layer of limestone. The 5th and 6th layers are also similar to each other. They are characterized by an abundance of hearths built on the floor of the cave, which are then surrounded by ash, charcoal bits, rocks that have been cracked because of fire, animal remains, stone artifacts and other artifacts that suggest the area was inhabited by humans. The upper most layers of the rock shelter contain much of what the lower layers also contain: charcoal bits, food remains, and stone artifacts. However, the most distinct findings from these layers are four Hoabinhian burials and grave goods that go with those burials.
Dating
The dating at Lang Rongrien was done by radiocarbon dating pieces of charcoal that come from the stratigraphic layers. The oldest pieces of charcoal found in the lower most layers where human habitation is seen have been dated to around 39,000 years ago. A piece of charcoal found in the 7th layer has been dated to almost 45,000 years ago, but this is likely because it came from the roof fall, and does not indicate anything about human habitation at this site. Charcoal pieces from the upper layers have been dated to about 9,000 years ago. The most recent dates from the site come from pieces of pottery found with the burial goods, and are placed at an age of 3,000 to 5,000 years ago.
Burials
The four burials found in the excavated portions at Lang Rogrien are all different from each other. The first was discovered during the initial survey of the site because of the disturbance caused by soil collectors. The remains in burial 1 were in what is commonly referred to by archeologists as an extended position. Burials 2 and 3 are composed of scattered bones from two to three individuals, and are secondary burials. Burial 4 was in an upward facing flexed position. Every burial had pottery associated with them as grave goods. The pottery of burials 4 and 1 are similar. All are what is referred to as a pedestaled pots with shallow bowls, and only one of the pots was found to be incomplete. The pedestals and bowls were made and dried separately, and then attached by creating a cross-hatch pattern where they are to be connected and glued by using a clay paste. There are no designs, as the vessels have a smooth exterior, and were fired unevenly as seen by the burnt splotches on the pots. These pots most resemble those found at Ban Kao and have led archaeologists to believe that Lang Rongrien is related to Ban Kao in some way. The pottery from burials 2 and 3 is different, though there are no intact pots for archaeologists to study. The pot sherds found associated with burials 2 and 3 have no pedestal, and are instead small with round bottoms and vertical cord-marked patterns around the rim. Because there are so little remains of these kinds of vessels archaeologists are unsure if this kind of pottery is associated with the burials or not, even though they were found within the burial sites. Burial 4 also featured a finely polished axe or adz blade.