Legislative council
Type of legislative body
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A legislative council was generally the first legislative body of a British colony, with members who were all appointed by the viceregal representative (who also presided over the council). Gradually, with the passage of time and increasing levels of self-governance, legislative councils were supplemented by a lower, elected chamber (often called a legislative assembly or house of assembly). This resulted in either the abolition of the council to form a unicameral and wholly elected legislature (as was done in Southern Rhodesia in 1923, Ceylon in 1931, New Zealand in 1951, and Singapore in 1955) or the democratisation of and a gradual decrease in powers exercised by the council, as done in India in 1919 and in some Australian states throughout the twentieth century.
In the United States, a legislative council has a different connotation, and means a council within a legislature which supervises nonpartisan support staff.
History
In the British Empire, the authority under which legislative councils have been constituted has varied: some under the royal prerogative, others by acts of parliament (that is, the Parliament at Westminster), and some by commission and royal instructions.
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List of legislative councils
In India, the Vidhan Parishad is another name for the Legislative Council in those states with bicameral legislatures.
United States
In American English, the term "legislative council" has acquired a slightly different meaning since the 1930s. It refers to a joint committee with members from both houses of the state legislature, which supervises a staff of attorneys, accountants, and researchers charged with providing strictly nonpartisan support services to the legislature or to particular committees. The concept of the legislative council was first developed in Kansas and was implemented by the Kansas Legislature in 1933. Eventually, a majority of U.S. states adopted legislative councils, but under a variety of names. Between 1933 and 1959, at least 32 states had legislative councils.
Kansas still uses a legislative council, although it was converted into the Kansas Legislative Coordinating Council in 1971. Legislative councils operating under that name exist in the states of Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin. Several states use the term "commission" for the same thing, including New Jersey and Nevada.
A few states, like California, have a "legislative counsel", not "council", who is appointed by a vote of the entire legislature and is thus responsible to the body as a whole rather than a "council" within it.