Mannequin

Alternative meaning

The Oxford English Dictionary gives two meanings for the term, the first being "a person employed by a dressmaker, costumier, etc., to model clothes," the second being "a model of (part of) a human figure, used for the display of clothes, etc." In the late 1800s and first part of the twentieth century, British and Australian English borrowed 'mannequin' to refer to human, invariably female, fashion models such as Loulou de la Falaise (a meaning still retained in French and other European languages) and the 1926 American Mannequin silent romantic drama film uses that sense, which has become obsolete since in American English. The meaning as a shop dummy dates from the start of World War II. Australian academic Maynard notes the ironic or symbolic potential of the interchangeability of fashion models and mannequins as humans; and of mannikins, dummies, and dolls.

History

Shop mannequins are derived from dress forms used by fashion houses for dress making. The use of mannequins originated in the 15th century, when miniature "milliners' mannequins" were used to demonstrate fashions for customers. Full-scale, wickerwork mannequins came into use in the mid-18th century. Wirework mannequins were manufactured in Paris from 1835.

Shop display

The first female mannequins, made of papier-mâché, were made in France in the mid-19th century. Mannequins were later made of wax to produce a more lifelike appearance. In the 1920s, wax was supplanted by a more durable composite made with plaster.

Modern day mannequins are made from a variety of materials, the primary ones being fiberglass and plastic. The fiberglass mannequins are usually more expensive than the plastic ones, tend to be not as durable, but are significantly more realistic. Plastic mannequins, on the other hand, are a relatively new innovation in the mannequin field and are built to withstand the hustle of customer foot traffic usually witnessed in the store they are placed in.

Mannequins are used primarily by retail stores as in-store displays or window decoration. However, many online sellers also use them to display their products for their product photos (as opposed to using a live model).

Use by artists

Renaissance artist Fra Bartolomeo invented the full-scale articulated mannequin (more properly known as lay figure) as an aid in drawing and painting draped figures. In 18th-century England, lay-figures are known to have been owned by portrait painters such as Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, and Arthur Devis for the arrangement of conversation pieces.

Medical education

In healthcare simulation, the preferred spelling is manikin. Anatomical models such as ivory manikins were used by doctors in the 17th century to study medical anatomy and as a teaching aid for pregnancy and childbirth. Each figure could be opened up to reveal internal organs and sometimes fetuses. There are only 180 known surviving ancient medical manikins worldwide.

Today, medical simulation manikins, models or related artefacts such as SimMan, the Transparent Anatomical Manikin or Harvey are widely used in medical education. The term manikin refers exclusively to these types of models, though mannequin is often also used.

In first aid courses, manikins may be used to demonstrate methods of giving first aid (e.g., resuscitation). Fire and coastguard services use manikins to practice life-saving procedures. The manikins have similar weight distribution to a human. Special obese manikins and horse manikins have also been made for similar purposes.

Over-reliance on mass-produced manikins has been criticized for teaching medical students a hypothetical "average" that does not help them identify or understand the significant amount of normal variation seen in the real world.

Representation in art and culture

Mannequins were a frequent motif in the works of many early 20th-century artists, notably the metaphysical painters Giorgio de Chirico, Alberto Savinio and Carlo Carrà.

Shop windows displaying mannequins were a frequent photographic subject for Eugène Atget.

Mannequins have been used in horror and science fiction. The Twilight Zone episode "The After Hours" (1960) involves mannequins taking turns living in the real world as people. In the Doctor Who serial Spearhead from Space (1970), an alien intelligence attempts to take over Earth with killer plastic mannequins called Autons.

The romantic comedy film Mannequin (1987) is a story of a window dresser who falls in love with a mannequin that comes to life. The romantic thriller film Bommai (2023) is the story of a person who works in a mannequin factory and falls in love with one of the mannequins, imagining it as his childhood crush.

Military use

Military use of mannequins is recorded amongst the ancient Chinese, such as at the siege of Yongqiu. The besieged Tang army lowered scarecrows down the walls of their castles to lure the fire of the enemy arrows. In this way, they renewed their supplies of arrows. Dummies were also used in the trenches in World War I to lure enemy snipers away from the soldiers.

In the modern era, mannequins have served as targets in shoot houses and target ranges.

A Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report describes the use of a mannequin ("Jack-in-the-Box") as a countersurveillance measure, intended to make it more difficult for the host country's counterintelligence to track the movement of CIA agents posing as diplomats. A "Jack-in-the-Box"—mannequin representing the upper half of a human—would quickly replace a CIA agent after he left the car driven by another agent and walked away, such that any counterintelligence officers monitoring the car would believe, at least briefly, that they were still in it.